The Zinc Of Cobalt 60 - 868 Words

COBALT-60 INTRO Cobalt-60 or also known as co-60 is one of the many isotopes of the element, Cobalt. Cobalt has 28 isotopes other than Cobalt-60, these include: Cobalt-47, Cobalt-48, Cobalt-49, Cobalt-50, Cobalt-51, Cobalt-52, Cobalt-53, Cobalt-54, Cobalt-55, Cobalt-56, Cobalt-58, Cobalt-59, Cobalt-60, Cobalt-61, Cobalt-62, Cobalt-63, Cobalt-64, Cobalt-65, Cobalt-66, Cobalt-67, Cobalt-68, Cobalt-69, Cobalt-70, Cobalt-71, Cobalt-72, Cobalt-73, Cobalt-74, Cobalt-75 and Cobalt-76 (Jefferson Lab, n.d.). Co-60 is a synthetically produced radioisotope with a half-life of 5.27 years (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). It decays through beta particles and gamma radiation (CDC, 2005). Cobalt-60 decays into stable isotope, Nickel-60 through beta minus decay (radioactivity.eu.com, n.d.). SAFETY ISSUES Cobalt-60 can be very dangerous to human health. If ingested or inhaled, the majority of co-60 is excreted in the feces and the rest is absorbed into the blood and tissues, mainly the liver, kidneys and bones (CDC, 2014; United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2015). As co-60 is involved in ionising radiation, all co-60 that is absorbed by liver, kidneys or bone tissue can cause cancer and because it decays by gamma radiation, this results in an increased risk of cancer in comparison to other radioisotopes along with skin burns, acute radiation sickness, or death. In occasional circumstances, medical or industrial radiation sources are lost or stolenShow MoreRelatedDetecting Signs of Chemical Change1412 Words   |  6 PagesDetecting Signs of Chemical Change REAC 399 Prepared by: Elizabeth G. Perez Date of experiment: October 3, 2006 Course: Chemistry 100/60 Abstract: The objective of this experiment will be to combine various substances, liquids and metals, and to observe their behavior when they are combined. 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On the other hand, nonmycorrhizal little bluestems showed significantly greater root and shoot biomass, with p less than 0.05 (Cerligione et al., 1988). It produced lowerRead MoreChemistry 30s Exam Grade 115171 Words   |  21 PagesKNO3† below for Questions 20 to 22. Solubility Curve for KNO3 150 140 Solubility (grams of solute/100 g H2O) 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 unsaturated saturated saturated/ supersaturated Temperature ( C) 20. Estimate the approximate solubility of KNO3 at 30 ºC. a) 16 g/100 g H2O b) 33 g/100 g H2O c) 48 g/100 g H2O d) 60 g/100 g H2O 21. Estimate the temperature at which the solubility of potassium nitrate is 50 g/100 g. a) About 90 ºC b) About 20 ºC c)Read MoreItems and the Resources behind Them1468 Words   |  6 Pagesused to begin the injection molding. To get rubber, slanted strips of bark thick are cut from trees. The latex concentrate is shipped by tank trucks to the centrifuge operation. 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The Zimmerman Case Free Essays

The Zimmerman Case has had its verdict yesterday and I would have written then, but I was busy building my thoughts. What I should cover first is why the Zimmerman Case is significant. It is not significant because of race, or the right to defend one’s self. We will write a custom essay sample on The Zimmerman Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now In defense of my position on the race aspect, the media has tried to portray Zimmerman as white, when, in fact he is Hispanic or as my wife is adamant about, Latino. Apparently, you can’t call Hispanics Hispanics any more and you have to call them Latino. Ok, sure fine I don’t really care what people want to be called; it has no bearing to me on the individual other than personal preference. So, if the media is not really sure what race Zimmerman is, the issue of race becomes moot, but it does show that there are other motivations in doing so as someone’s race is a pretty big way of describing an individual to the public. I suspect that this has more to do with the Immigration Issue than race despite the media is trying to make be seen that way. Showing Latinos as white would go a long way toward naturalizing immigrants in the public’s mind. The right to defend one’s self, is not an issue either, in that it is a personal responsibility to do so. Following someone does not justify aggression if that person is acting within a prescribed and legal role, in this case, as a member of the community watch. They say Martin was just going out for Skittles and some sort of drink and that was all he had on him when he was being followed out of the area by Zimmerman. If he was going out to get these items, then why did he have these items on him when he was leaving. This seems suspect to me, but actually has little bearing on the point I am trying to make with this. The issue here isn’t if Zimmerman should have been arrested, he should not have. It is also not if Zimmerman had the legal right to shoot and kill Martin; he did. Martin acted as the aggressor and forced Zimmerman in to a physical battle, and Zimmerman, in reacting to the battle, did no go for the gun first. He used the gun after Martin used weapon on him (banging his head on to the ground; I have had this happen to me and I have had to do it to others; The ground is most definitely something that can be used as a weapon). The shot was fired, upwards and in to the front of Martin, therefore, the killing was justified. The only real issue that I had with this was if Zimmerman waited too long, but to that end, I wasn’t there and so I have no right to an opinion on the judgement concerning the time frame between actual use of the ground as a weapon and the use of a gun. The issue here isn’t, as many people want to believe, if the trial was justified. This should have had an investigation in to the shooting, and of that, there is no question, but it was only to justify if the shooting was legal or not, not to determine guilt of Zimmerman or Martin which the media seems to have confused, but the real issue here is if it was a fair trial. The concept of justice is that justice be fair and impartial. The Executive Branch of the government represents the justice system within the United States. The Executive Branch, when considering the implications of justice, has to see things from all points of view and recognize the rights of all parties concerned with the verdict, ie the prosecutor and the defendant, while ignoring all unaffected parties even if they feel they are a stakeholder (parents, relatives and friends). The actual verdict has to be fair within a reasonable consideration of peers. Those peers form the basis for the jury and the jury is chosen by the prosecution, therefore controlling, to some degree the legitimacy of the defense as well as the impartiality of the verdict as the intent of the jurors are to put themselves within the mindset of the defense, but from what is considered a reasonable state of mind. The biggest consideration here has to be that the argument must be presented in such a way as though neither race nor gender should have any consideration on the defense at the time of the crime. If that there is, in fact, a finding that race or gender is a factor, considerations should be made. In the argument of self-defense, the first consideration that should be made is was the defense actually in sort of danger and that danger being loss of life or permanent injury. In choosing women, the prosecution was seeking the sympathy angle for the minor who died as a result of the action resulting in the trial. The biggest factor that is being ignored with the media is that the jurors had to put themselves in, not the position of Martin, but of Zimmerman and therefore Zimmerman acting within his role of public defender (the Community Watch, in this case). This reversal of roles from what the public considers as fair is what, ultimately, destroyed the prosecution’s case. Arguing the case without considerations of race or gender forced the women to wonder what they would have been forced to do in Zimmerman’s role within that of public defender. To that end, they had to ask themselves, would they have been afraid and would they have had the responsibility to defend themselves, not necessarily with lethal force, but by any means necessary. That they would not have necessarily put themselves in to that position had no actual bearing on the subject as that personal choice was removed for them, hence impartiality. The factor of this being a fair trial, is decreed by a panel of peers, initially chosen at random, but decided by the very people trying to prosecute the case. That they choose women, become immaterial as the prosecution has its own agenda from that of the defense. The issue with this wasn’t if the case was not fair, or that the verdict was unfair as the situation presented, described a reasonable justification of fear in the situation of Zimmerman. It showed that an assault with deadly force was committed by the documentation collaborated by witnesses. It showed that the use of deadly force was legal and it showed that Zimmerman showed restraint in using that deadly force by the action of deadly weapon (the ground) putting Zimmerman’s life in actual danger as well as the fact that Martin did not disengage his ‘supposed attacker’ but actually escalated the fight and did not seek to flee. In the end, this was a fair verdict, in that anyone in Zimmerman’s position would have used deadly force as long as you do not make any considerations toward race or gender, ie, had it been a woman in Zimmerman’s place, she would have done the same exact thing, but again, this is not the real issue. With this case, the head of the Executive Branch, the head of the justice system within the country, is seeking to show personal bias, and is basing that bias upon race and not reasonable actions within the situation itself as shown by the trial itself. How to cite The Zimmerman Case, Papers

Bed Bug Bites Free Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Bed Bug Bites Or Cimex Lectularius. Answer: Introduction: Bed bugs or Cimex lectularius is a type of parasitic insect that feeds on blood of other animals, and is commonly found in third world countries where there is unsanitary hygiene conditions and congested population. Contradictorily, after the latter half of the twentieth century, spread of bed bugs was observed even in developed countries like Europe, United States and Canada. The aim of this brochure is to provide a brief idea regarding the Cimex bug which would help research scholars develop ways to control its spread and for health organizations to make the general population aware of the bed bug infection and its harmful effects. The brochure is important to draw attention about bed bugs, because according to an article provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, bed bugs can occur anywhere regardless of cleanliness and every clinical symptom is different for each affected person (CDC - Bed Bugs - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), 2018), which makes it difficult to t reat. Article 1 by Susser (2013) According to a journal article published in International Journal of Molecular Sciences, it was addressed that sleep deprivation over a prolonged period of time may lead to different health problems, physical as well as mental. Any hindrances or nocturnal pruritus can lead to malfunction in the restorative process of sleep (Lavery, Stull, Kinney Yosipovitch, 2016). The constant irritant stimulus and compulsion to perform nocturnal pruritus can lead to both infection and mental health declination. The research paper is dedicated to correlate the occurrence of Cimex infestation and its impact on the sleep disturbance which leads to anxiety and depression. There are no epidemiological study data that would support the hypothesis of the paper, but it is most likely to be observed that recurrent infestations of Cimex will eventually hamper sleep of the person affected and thereby will most likely to become irritable, anxious and will eventually suffer from temporary mental illness. The s cientists performed a secondary research based on a survey conducted by Montreal Public Health department in 2010. A total of 91 participants who lived in unhealthy living conditions were questioned and was noted that half of the sample participants suffered from sleep deprivation and most of those people suffered depression and preferred isolation. The patients physical as well as mental health should be clinically diagnosed by doctors to ensure an all rounded therapy. The doctors are also advised to make the patient and their family aware to be careful regarding the infection. Article 2 by Salazar et al. (2015) The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, causing a disease known as Chagas disease is rampant in the Latin America, where low sanitation is seen. According to an estimate provided by CDC shows that, nearly eight million people are affected by Chagas dieases in Latin American populated areas (Chagas disease, 2018). The problem with this disease is that it can remain undetected for years and prolonged exposure leads to enlargement of heart ventricles, esophagus and colon. Recent research has shown that Cimex has similar features like the Triatomine class of insects like that of T. cruzi (Benoit et al., 2016) Scientists are trying to find out the relation between these similar features and whether or not Cimex can serve as a vector for Chagas disease. In their experiment they infected a group of healthy mice with T. cruzi and those mice were exposed to Cimex. The results showed that the Cimex that fed on the infected mice acquired the Chagas disease effectively. The Cimex were then observed to t ransmit the T.cruzi into normal mice when they were subjected to cohabitation with normal mice. Another method of disease transmission was through contact with T. cruzi contaminated fecal matter in healthy mice. Data analysis has shown that the more probable cause of Chagas disease transmission was due exposure to fecal matter of the infected mice into the normal mice via Cimex. This can pose a threat to entomologists in considering Cimex as a potential vector to T.cruzi and awareness should be created in areas where Chagas disease is potent. Article 3 by Olson et al. (2013) Olson et al. (2013) worked on cold tolerance of bed bugs. It is a known fact that the performance of animals as well as insects is controlled by the temperature of the surrounding environment, geographical locations where temperate and polar conditions prevail; the majority of the insect population faces a set back and is challenged to survive in under low nutritious conditions. This is natures own pest controlling method to inhibit excessive spreading of insects directly or indirectly by impacting physiological responses, biological function and reproductive ability (Sinclair, Alvarado Ferguson, 2015). An article of Journal of Economic Entomology, states that Cimex has high tolerance to even cold temperatures and can feed in those extreme freezing conditions. This suggests that Cimex infestation can also occur in cold climatic conditions in which generally all other insects are unable to thrive. The scientists exposed the Cimex to extreme freezing temperatures with variable time of exposure and determined the bugs tolerance towards cold and how the mortality is affected by harsh temperatures. They studied the different life cycle stages of the Cimex and determined the optimum tolerance to manage pest control. The mean temperature ranged from -21.3C to -30.3C, with the egg phase having the lowest tolerance. Only when the bugs were exposed to a lethal freezing temperature of about -31.2C, all the bugs were reported to be dead, meaning these bugs could not survive a temperature lower than body freezing. Health organizations should create awareness in colder countries and observe the low hygienic areas to find the presence Cimex bugs and way to control them. Article 4 by Zhu et al. (2013) Zhu et al. (2013) worked on resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Chemical insecticides are mostly used to control disease causing vectors that affect the human population and spread diseases and rampant infection. The first choice of insecticide is the pyrethoid class of chemicals which is highly efficient to destroy most of the vectors (Nkya, Akhouayri, Kisinza David, 2013). The recent advancement in the genomic mapping of Cimex, have been able to analyze of the whole genome of the species. The analysis has showed that, as of late, the species has developed a resistance towards pyrethroid group of insecticides. Fourteen molecular markers have been identified to be associated with the insecticide resistance by transcriptome analysis. The article shows that the genes responsible for the insecticide resistance have different mechanism to inhibit the pesticide action by slowing down the toxin effect before it is targeted to the nervous tissues. The variety in the different strategies is dependent on the physiological, morphological and metabolic construct of the Cimex, which is only unique to this insect. Scientists should try to find chemicals that would directly destroy the genetic structure of the bugs that are structurally dissimilar to pyrethriods. Article 5 by Rahim et al. (2016) The dependence of the Cimex on humans for its blood meal leads to the direct exposure of human contact with the bug. Due to this reason, many adverse physiological and mental reactions are observed in patients who undergo Cimex infestation. The discomfort caused to the patient are mainly, irritability, nocturnal pruritus which may lead to the development of chronic inflammation, transmission to other domestic mammals and people, adverse allergic reactions and skin rashes (Minocha et al., 2017) The common clinical symptoms from Cimex bite include inflammation, swelling, redness, bullous eruptions, itchiness and development of rash and lesions. Affected individual develop compulsive pruritis (adverse itching sensation) and lesions after they have been bitten by Cimex. The severity of the skin reactions manifested from the bed bug bites varies between individuals and the bite from female Cimex were observed to take longer time to heal than male bug bites. Health practitioners are reques ted to clinically treat their mental health if necessary along with physical treatment and advise the affected people not enhance their infection by mistreatment and scratching. Conclusion: The sudden uprise of the Cimex or bed bugs is a growing concern and is clinically neglected in most developed countries. The United States are recorded to have the highest number of Cimex infested population in the world. The past decade, Canada has been susceptible to spread of bed bugs and mainly the homeless population seems to suffer from the recurrent manifestations of the bug. The clinical manifestations of the bug bite are not only restricted to physical infections but also impact the overall mental health of the individual. The more alarming issue that needs to be addresses is that the Cimex has developed resistance against the widely used insecticide, pyrethroids. Health organizations should be focusing to find out ways to control the widespread growth of these blood sucking parasites before it becomes a major worldwide threat. References: Benoit, J. B., Adelman, Z. N., Reinhardt, K., Dolan, A., Poelchau, M., Jennings, E. C., ... Zhu, F. (2016). Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome.Nature communications,7, ncomms10165. Chagas disease. (2018).World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 February 2018, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs340/en/ Lavery, M., Stull, C., Kinney, M., Yosipovitch, G. (2016). Nocturnal Pruritus: The Battle for a Peaceful Nights Sleep.International Journal Of Molecular Sciences,17(12), 425. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030425. Minocha, R., Wang, C., Dang, K., Webb, C. E., Fernndez?Peas, P., Doggett, S. L. (2017). Systemic and erythrodermic reactions following repeated exposure to bites from the Common bed bug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).Austral Entomology,56(3), 345-347. Nkya, T. E., Akhouayri, I., Kisinza, W., David, J. P. (2013). Impact of environment on mosquito response to pyrethroid insecticides: facts, evidences and prospects.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology,43(4), 407-416. Olson, J., Eaton, M., Kells, S., Morin, V., Wang, C. (2013). Cold Tolerance of Bed Bugs and Practical Recommendations for Control.Journal Of Economic Entomology,106(6), 2433-2441. https://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec13032. Quarles, W. (2015). New IPM methods for bed bugs.IPM Pract,34(7/8), 1-9. Rahim, A. H. A., Zahran, Z., Ab Majid, A. H. (2016). Human skin reactions towards bites of tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus F.(Hemiptera: Cimicidae): A preliminary case study.Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease,6(5), 366-371. Salazar, R., Borrini-Mayor, K., Tustin, A., Levy, M., Nquira, C., Castillo-Neyra, R. (2015). Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius) as Vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi.The American Journal Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene,92(2), 331-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0483. Sinclair, B. J., Alvarado, L. E. C., Ferguson, L. V. (2015). An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: methods, approaches, and workflow.Journal of thermal biology,53, 180-197. Susser, S. R. (2013). Good night, sleep tight, dont let the bed bugs bite: exploring the mental health fallout of urban bed bug infestation in Montral, Qubec. Zhu, F., Gujar, H., Gordon, J. R., Haynes, K. F., Potter, M. F., Palli, S. R. (2013). Bed bugs evolved unique adaptive strategy to resist pyrethroid insecticides.Scientific reports,3, 1456.

TATA Company International Business

Introduction International business refers to commercial transactions that are conducted across political boarders. The boarder may describe countries, nations, states or even regions. International business is normally undertaken for purposes of profit making though transactions by governments at times carry political benefits.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on TATA Company’ International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to discuss aspects of international business with respect to a case study about TATA Company. The paper will look into the case study to identify contemporary issues that are facing the company and to carry out an evaluator analysis into the company’s position and environment. The house of Tata The house of Tata is a family enterprise that was established in the year 1868. Having been established as a trading organization, the firm evolved over time to expa nd and diversify its operations in different sectors. Just six years after its establishment, the firm turned into dealing in textiles. The company also expanded in its financial capacity and was able to establish a luxury hotel in the country in the year 1903. Four years later, the firm established a steel company. Though the firm then took time before entering into another venture, it made a major step in the year 1932 to own an airline. The house of Tata also developed a subsidiary firm that, in the year 1968, deals in software. Besides its economic significance, the Tata group has been identified as a socially sensitive enterprise following its participation in charity activities. By the year 1938, the group had expanded to thirteen companies following the ventures that established its subsidiaries. One of the administrative approaches that the group developed under J. Tata as its chairman was the autonomy that the subsidiaries were granted. A level of independence in management was advocated for which led to the group’s firms expanding to overlap in their products. By the end of J. Tata’s reign as the group’s chairperson in the year 1991, Tata group had expanded from thirteen companies to three hundred companies. The entrance of R. Tata in the year 1991 to head the group was characterized with a lot of change in the organization. Ratan managed to revive some of the organization’s subsidiaries that were not stable such as the steel company and the motors company. He also restructured the firms many subsidiaries to work in groups that were based on the type of products offered. His restructuring reorganized the group into sectors that were â€Å"information systems and communications; engineering; materials; chemicals; consumer products; energy; and services† (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 2). Some of the company’s later significant developments have been international ventures through acquisitions and merger s with foreign companies (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 2).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contemporary issues facing the company The long time duration in which the Tata group has existed has been characterized with features of opportunities, threats, strengths and even weaknesses. One of the issues that have been evident with the group, with specification to the Tata motors, has been its exploration and existence in the global market (Tata, n.d., p. 1). The group has a record of entry into the international market since the beginning of the twenty first century. The move by the company that includes acquisitions and integrations has been its strategy for exploration of and expansion into markets. The bid by the company to acquire Jaguar and Land Rover that were out for bids in the United States was an example of such explorations. Surowiecki reports that by the ye ar 2008, Tata Company had not explored the motor vehicle industry in the United States and its brand of product were not even available on the American roads. Though the company had a strong history with productions in India, it was not even yet known in the United States. The company’s dominance in its domestic market without any significant feature in foreign markets such as the United States and European markets, according to Surowiecki were due to the economic environment that surrounded the global market (Surowiecki, 2008, p. 1). Another international move by Tata motors was its partnership with MG rovers of Britain in the year 2003 that enabled the company to explore the European market. This move led to the introduction of â€Å"the Indica into the European market as the CityRover† (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 11).  In the partnership, Tata exported the brand of vehicle that was then sold in Europe by MG motors. Other acquisitions and partnerships wer e made with respect to companies in countries such as Spain, Brazil and Korea among others (Khanna, Palepu and Bullock, 2009, p. 14). The compa ny’s engagement in international trade is still on its course with an increasing trend being registered in the company’s exportation of vehicles. In April 2010 for example, the company exported one unit of a Nano brand of car that it had developed. The level of exportation of the same brand grew to reach four hundred and ninety eight by April 2011. The company is also reported to be making plans to further expand its international influence with plans to establish production units in regions such as the Latin America and Africa. Marketing techniques to expand its market in the already explored areas are also international avenues that are still being explored (News, 2011, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on TATA Company’ International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/ page Learn More Apart from the direct establishment of the company in the external markets, it has been deriving mutual exchange of expertise from the regions in which it expands. Acquisitions have for example been relinquishing technological rights to the company. The company has also to a great extent benefited from exchanging its management within its structure in different regions. A movement of a manager from one environment to another will lead to transfer of skills to the new region (Tata, n.d., p. 1).  There are also a number of issues that face the company in the form of weaknesses. One of such is the brand of vehicles that the company has been producing. Its brands have been associated with middle economic class which can not afford expensive cars. The brands are also outdated in the environment that has realized innovations from competitive companies. With the availability of many companies in the motor industry in the Indian market and the competition pr ovided by international automobile producers, the company has been struggling to cope with the market that is influenced by new car models in fashion (Research, 2009, p. 7). Also significant among the issues facing the company is the quality of its products in relation to those from other producers in the industry. A survey that was conducted over manufacturer’s ratings in the motor vehicle industry reveals that the company is not among consumer’s favorites. The result of the research that was based on factors such as â€Å"safety, quality, value, performance, environmental friendliness, design and technology† revealed a preference of other manufacturer’s vehicles as opposed to those of Tata. In relation to safety of vehicles, there are competition from brands such as â€Å"Volvo, Ford, Subaru† among others that are rated above Tata (Consumer, 2010, p. 1). Quality also rates brands such as â€Å"Toyota, Honda and Ford† among others as prefer red and value ranks â€Å"Honda, Toyota and Ford† among others in the level of preference (Consumer, 2010, p. 1). With brands such as those of Toyota, Honda and Ford among others being preferred over Tata with respect to all the aspects of the research, it is a clear indicator that regardless of the lower price of the Tata brands, they might not be preferred among those that have enough money to purchase the brands such as Toyota which have also diversified to realize production of cheap car models. The lowly priced productions of the company which has been associated with inefficiency with respect to aspects such as safety, value and quality among other car properties has thus in the long run worked to the disadvantage of the company. Other companies in the motor vehicle industry therefore have the capacity to beat Tata both in the international market as well as in India which the companies have infiltrated (Consumer, 2010, p. 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another survey that ranked vehicle brands with respect to number of problems registered per one hundred vehicles also reveals lack of efficiency in the vehicle model. According to the survey, Honda closes the list of top five with ninety nine problems registered out of every one hundred vehicles sampled. Tata vehicles are therefore characterized with at least 100 problems per 100 sampled vehicles. This reveals a probability that each and every Tata brand of vehicles have problems. Such cases of problems associated with its vehicles may turn customers away from the company’s brands (Top, 2011, p. 1).  Tata together with the entire Indian auto mobile industry has also been criticized with poor strategy in its attempt to acquire market for its products. Though the company has realized growth in market control, it is feared that this influence could be short leaved. The company has been criticized for not employing modern technologies in its production and marketing processes. One of the poor strategies that have been realized of Tata is the offensive move to counter competition that it realizes in the market without appropriate long term plans. A move that Tata has not yet identified though is perceived to be of great benefit to it is the reduction in its expenditures and development of the quality of products that it offers (Rediff, 2004, p. 1). Weaknesses facing the company are also reported to include lower return on investment which gives reflection of low profitability. The company’s sales in India are also reported to be less than its targets besides its inability to capture the market of luxury cars (MBA, 2009, p. 1). The issue of Tata’s acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover Though Tata has had a past of acquisitions and mergers with other companies especially in the bid to expand its market influence, it ought not to acquire the two brands of vehicles, Jaguar and Land Rover. Available options to Tata group Though the Tata group has m ajorly resorted to mergers and acquisitions in its bid to expand, especially to the international market, it in general terms has a variety of options for expansion of its market in foreign countries. Ansoff’s growth matrix One of the strategies that the group can adopt is the matrix approach that is based on consideration of both market forces and the organizations products. Under this approach, considerations are made with respect to existing markets and products as well as possible new markets and products. The approach then gives rise to elements such as â€Å"market penetration, product development, market development and diversification† (Action, n.d., 1). Market penetration: market penetration refers to the move by a firm to increase its control of an existing market. Under this move, the Tata group can make efforts to capitalize on the control of its domestic market that it has experienced and has good knowledge of. This approach may be less risky and relativel y cheaper for the company as compared to the acquisitions that are directed to new and distant markets from the firm’s original location. Market development as an approach to the matrix method on the other hand entails the introduction of an organizations existing product into new markets. The market could be the organization’s domestic or a foreign one. Under this approach, the group can resort to exploring its unexploited markets in terms of geographical regions and social classes. It can take its products to these markets and employ marketing strategies to increase its sales in these markets. This, if successful can enable the company to increase its sales and hence its revenues and profitability.  Product development on the other hand establishes new products into an existing market. With this approach, the firm can enter into innovations of new brands of commodities such as its own initiatives into new brands of luxury vehicles for example. With its originality, the organization can then take advantage of the good will that it has over time developed in India and its other markets. Following the company’s ability that has given it market share in the past, its newly introduced products will be acceptable and even perform better if they are associated with developed quality and efficiencies. Tata can similarly introduce its new products and venture them in entirely new environments. Such could have been the case instead of acquisitions. The company could have been introducing its originally invented products into markets such as the United States, Europe and even other regions like Latin America and Africa. The diversification approach can be in the organization’s lines of production or can be ventures into other lines such introduction of a different commodity (Action, n.d., 1). Franchising and licensing The use of franchising and licensing over intellectual property is another avenue that the company can employ to help it im prove its revenues. With relatively less investments into inventions, the company can earn from contracts over its intelligence. The advantage behind franchising is the fact that it is not capital intensive and is therefore less risky once the property is established. Such moves will also help Tata in developing capacity into innovative moves for more quality products (Action, n.d., 1). Public equity Generating funds from public investors into major development steps that could only be unaffordable to the company can also be a strategy. Given enough resources such as finances, the firm can for instance have the capacity to develop new brands and their manufacturing sites in its domestic and foreign markets. Direct ventures such as increasing its direct exports into foreign markets are also a positive move (Action, n.d., 1). Foreign direct investments Another venture that Tata could have adopted in its initiative to diversify into international market is through foreign direct invest ments into its target countries. With the general wave of countries encouraging for foreign direct investments with even government initiatives to facilitate the same, Tata could take the advantage to establish its production units in foreign markets (Bento Joao, 2009, 2). Evaluation The decision against Tata’s acquisition of the two models is based on the circumstances that have surrounded the vehicle brands. One of the issues that clouded the acquisition of the brands is the economic downfall in the brand’s dominant markets which is the United States and Europe. With the melt down, Tata company was undertaking a risk that could impact its financial stability. This is because the vehicle brands had in the first place been associated with significant loses and coupled with the poor economic status in their markets; Tata stood a risk of failing to recover its investments in the two brands. The currency factor that would over time change due to cross border transactions also posed a threat to Tata’s financial interests in the transaction. The move thus put Tata’s profitability at great risk (Icmirida, 2008, p. 7). Another challenge to the acquisition would be the barriers in the culture between the operational set ups of the acquired brands and that of Tata’s India. In India for instance, there is an established culture that any business that is crumbling can be revived even under limited resources and poor business environment. Though this is a good philosophy, it is not very promising in environments where productions are based on efficiencies and resource limitation is not a factor. The two brands that are at their poor financial states might not be successfully revived to a competitive level with other European and American brands as would be possible in India where domestic competitors depend on the philosophy (Thite, Wilkinson and Budhwar, n.d., p. 2). The poor quality production reported of Tata, that could be associated with its Indian philosophy of working under limited resources, could as well pose a threat to the development of the already loss oriented car brands. This is actually significant in the environment where unlike India, quality is given preference. The investment might therefore not pick up to sustainability (Hall, 2011, p. 1). The general trend that was adopted by the firm in its move to venture into the international market appears to be more risky relative to other available options for expansion into international markets. Measures such as the growth matrix and exportation allow an investing entity a basis of originality that could drive well among customers. Direct foreign investments that are well initiated with established authority and rights of the investor are another positive avenue for expansion. Acquisitions and mergers especially with entities that are not profit making in on the other hand a more tasking initiative (Action, n.d., 1), (Bento Joao, 2009, 2). Recommendat ions Regardless of the company’s moves to expand its market control in the motor vehicle industry, it is still faced with problems such as inefficiencies in its production processes leading low quality products. The company should therefore develop a strategy into transforming its operations to be in line with the level of technology and quality in the market. This will help the company’s products to gain preference among consumers. The company should also take measures to directly improve its image in the market. Contrary to moving to have acquisitions as a strategy to increasing its sales, the company should concentrate its efforts on marketing its cheap brands in developing country where customers might resort to lower cost as opposed to expensive brands. The company also has better and safer approaches into the international market. Instead of rushing into acquisitions and mergers, the firm can independently make avenues into the international markets. Foreign dire ct investments, exportation and market expansion would be better for the Tata group of companies. Conclusion The Tata group having been established as a family business developed over time to have independent subsidiaries. Its development has also included diversification of its market by acquiring enterprises in international markets. The company is however characterized by a weak system that produces poor quality products. Its move to acquire Jaguar and Land Rover don’t seem to be a good move following its weaknesses and the threats that such acquisitions are associated with. On the contrary, the firm should have adopted other techniques in exploring the international market. References Action. (n.d.). growing your business- growth and expansion. Available from: http://www.ace.org.sg/Site/Page.aspx?id=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000013421. Bento Joao. (2009). Economic Integration, International Trade and the Role of Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Portuguese Manufact uring. Berlin, Germany: LIT Verlag Mà ¼nster Consumer. (2010) Most important factors in buying a car. [Online] Available from: http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/new-cars/news/2010/01/2010-car-brand-perceptions-survey/most-important-factors/brand-perceptions-most-important-factors.htm Hall, W. (2011) Jaguar Land Rover: Halewood makes its case. [Online] Available from: http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/41a5ef84-8dbf-11dd-83d5-0000779fd18c.html#axzz1NflZEKu0 Icmirida. (2008) Tata motor’s acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover. [Online] Available from: http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20strategy/BSTR313.htm Khanna, T., Palepu, K and Bullock, R. (2009) House of Tata: Acquiring a global footprint. New York: Cengage Learning. MBA. (2009) TATA motors swot analysis. [Online] Available from: http://www.mba-tutorials.com/marketing/251-tata-motors-swot-analysis.html News. (2011) Nano goes global as Tata Motors begins export. [Online] Available from: http://ne ws.24by7info.net/nano-goes-global-as-tata-motors-begins-export/ Rediff. (2004) The big threat to Indian autos. [Online] Available from: http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/sep/21guest2.htm Research. (2009) Automobile sector. [Online] Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/Nisha08/research-3372818 Surowiecki, J. (2008) The Tata invasion. [Online] Available from: http://www.newyorker.com/talk/financial/2008/01/28/080128ta_talk_surowiecki Tata. (n.d.) SWOT Analysis-Tata motors limited. [Online] Available from: http://www.marketingteacher.com/swot/tata-motors-swot.html Thite, M., Wilkinson, A and Budhwar, P. (n.d.) Internationalization of India Inc. [Online] Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd=2ved=0CCgQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrm.org%2Fabout%2Ffoundation%2Fresearch%2FDocuments%2FThite%2520India%2520Paper%25204-11.docxrct=jq=acquisition%20of%20jaguar%20by%20tata-%20cultural%20barrierei=ejjhTY_9C4rAhAfU09HWBgusg=AFQjCNGGw6IcSVzGg87ej21DtOKdnTxz8wcad=rja To p. (2011) The top 5 car brands with the least quality problems. [Online] Available from: http://www.top5ofanything.com/index.php?h=24788248 This report on TATA Company’ International Business was written and submitted by user Jillian Farmer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nike Corporations Marketing Strategies and Objectives

Nike Corporations Marketing Strategies and Objectives Purpose and Mission Two university students, Philip Knight and Bill Bowerman in the Early 1964, founded Blue Ribbon Sports, a company that later changed its name to Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company trades mainly in sportswear and equipments. It was founded in Beaverton, Oregon a small part of Portland.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Nike Corporation’s Marketing Strategies and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is the very same place where the headquarters of the company is situated. From its humble beginnings, the company has grown to become the leading sports label in the entire universe (Rodman 126). Initially, the company only operated in the United States of America. At the present moment, it is operating in over 160 different countries. It has employed over 30,000 individuals directly who operate in the six continents of the world. Furthermore, it has an indirect involvement of over 1millio n individuals who depend on the company. This includes shipping and warehousing employees, marketers, suppliers, retailers and other individuals who are involved in the supply chain of the company`s products (Nike, 2011). If you have a body, you are an athlete: this is the motto of Nike, Inc. (Nike, 2011). This observation was made by Bill Bowerman who used it as an inspiration to create products that would take the talent and enthusiasm of athletes to another level. These very same words are an inspiration to the employees of Nike, Inc. They lead them in meeting the needs and desires of their customers. In the process, they have been able to maintain the legacy of the company making it stand ahead of its competitors in terms of creativity and innovation. The company`s mission is to bring inspiration and innovation to its customers (Nike, 2011). Employees of Nike, Inc. work hard to ensure that this mission statement is realized. To achieve this, the company has set up several object ives in the course of its operations. These objectives not only work to attain the mission and vision of the organization but also ensure that the company is viable in the market. At the present moment, the objective of the company is to supply its customers with state of the art sportswear and equipment that will take them to a new level of excellence (Nike, 2011). With the highly qualified staff, well set priorities and objectives, the company has become a leader in the industry. Through out its operation, the company has established a strong portfolio of brands that are highly recognized and respected in the market. The company started off as a distributor for a Japanese shoe making company, Onitsuka Tiger (now ASICS). Since then, it has grown and developed several brands of its own. These include: Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan and Nike Skateboarding. Other subsidiary brands include: Cole Haan, Hurley International, Umbro and Converse (Nike, 2011).Advertising Loo king for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The actual customers of the company are the athletes from all around the world. The company has commanded a strong market share by diversifying its products to accommodate athletes of all sports. This includes soccer, football, basketball, tennis, track and field, baseball, golf, hockey and so on. The company supplies these athletes with sportswear and equipment. At the same time, the company has also been targeting the public by supplying them with comfortable sportswear. This initiative has been successful and at the present moment, Nike is the most famous sportswear label in the universe. The company has been facing a lot of competition from other rival companies. Adidas, Reebok, Fila, Fubu, Dada, Wilson and so on are among the main competitors of the company. Despite the stiff competition that Nike is facing, the company has been and still is the lea der in the market. It operates in over 160 different countries (Kim 14). Situational Analysis Since its incorporation, Nike, Inc. has been able to identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The main strength of the company is its large market share coupled with the competitive advantage that the company has over its rivals. As stated earlier, the company is well established in the industry. It supplies athletes in various sports with sportswear and equipments. This ranges from apparels, footwear, balls and other equipments that are necessary for sports. The high quality products that the company has been supplying to these athletes have created a tight relationship between the company and its customers. Due to this, consumer loyalty has developed. This has led to high rates of consumer retention and acquisition of new customers. At the same time, the company has expanded its markets. It is now targeting not only athletes but also the entire population. This move has increased its operation. Due to this fact, the company is now operating in over 160 countries worldwide targeting almost every individual regardless of their age or sex. This has boosted the operations of the company by increasing the total revenue that it collects. Despite this, the company has some weaknesses. First, the products the company is producing are somehow expensive to individuals who are living in developing countries. Due to this fact, only a small portion of the population in these countries is able to afford their products. To work on this, the company has introduced new brands that are of high quality but affordable by majority of its customers. This move was initiated to fulfill its mission.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Nike Corporation’s Marketing Strategies and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nike, Inc. is the most popular sports brand in the world. At the same time, th e management of the company has been effective and efficient since it was incorporated. Due to this fact, the company has had the opportunity to grow and expand its market. As a result, the company has been able to take advantage of this opportunity and increased its market size. Due to this fact, the company has found it easier to enter into new markets and command a large market share. However, the company has been facing several threats in the course of its operations. First, it has been facing stiff competition from its rivals. This includes companies like Reebok, Fila, Fubu, Dada, Adidas and Wilson. This creates a lot of pressure that in turn reduces the revenue earned by each company. At the same time, there have been allegations that Nike has been contracting with manufacturing industries that offer poor working conditions for its employees. These companies are mainly situated in Asia (China, Vietnam and Indonesia). Due to this fact, Nike, Inc. has been facing a lot of critic ism from humanitarians and other welfare organizations. This threat has raised negative attitudes to its customers. To its response, Nike, Inc. ensured that all employees in the contracted companies have a conducive working environment and receive desirable wages that reflect the work that they have done. In the course of its operations, external micro and macro factors have been affecting the operations of the company. Over the years, the company has been producing high quality products and meeting the requirements of its customers. Due to this fact, the demand for its products has been increasing drastically. During the early 1970s, the company was only operational in the United States. However, the demand for its products has increased globally. To meet this demand, the company has expanded its operations to over 160 different countries. To ensure that its operations are effective and efficient, the company has increased its factors of production. It has qualified personnel, uses high tech equipments and employs innovative ideologies in its production process (Kim 21). Due to this fact, the company has been able to meet the demand of its customers, earn consumer loyalty and attract new customers. To meet the ever-changing needs of its customers, Nike, Inc. has been incorporating state of the art technology in its products and operations. Nike Air, for example is one of their brands that uses sophisticated technology to reduce the chances of occurrence of harm to a user of this product.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It contains a special gas known as Nike gas that flattens out and expands depending on the pressure that the shoe is experiencing (Kim 33). This reduces the chances of injury and increases comfort while using the shoe. At the same time, the company has incorporated the use of IT and ICT in its operations. This has made the running of operations within the company to be smooth. Due to its efficiency, the company has been successful in boosting its production and increased its revenue (Kim 6). Marketing Strategies and Objectives To achieve its mission, Nike has employed a number of strategies and objectives. Due to this fact, Nike, Inc. has maintained its standards of producing quality footwear and sports equipments to individuals and institutions of all ages and lifestyles. At the same time, the company has come up with measures and strategies that ensure that their products are easily available to their clientele. To achieve this, Nike, Inc. has a long-term corporate goal that aims at improving its stockholders return on equity by 20% and increases the earnings per share by 2.7% (Kim 21). This will ensure that the company growth in the company is coupled with gains in terms of shares and revenue. In this respect therefore, Nike Inc has a grand strategy that aims at increasing the quality of its products to meet the needs of all their customers all around the world. This will ensure that the company maintains its position as a leader in the market. Currently, Nike Inc is at the cash cow stage under the BCG matrix model. It is experiencing a great return on its capital. To ensure that the company continues to expand and remain sustainable in the short run and the long run, the company has put a lot of emphasis on research and development, incorporation if technology and ICT, improved consumer services and expansion of its markets (Kim 11). In addition, the company has formulated a number of marketing and pricing strategies. Tactical Programmes The main marketing objective of Nike, Inc. has been its expansion into new markets. To understand the consumer behavior in these new markets, the company normally hires a research firm that was familiar with the region. These firms critically analyze the markets and identify the factors that would motivate consumers to purchase athletic equipments and footwear. This information therefore makes it easy for the company to enter and command these markets. The pricing mechanism of the products is determined by the consumers` purchasing power, competition and value of their currency. Advertisement is the main method that the company uses to market its products. This is achieved by sponsoring local sports and athletics events, running adverts in the media, offering of rebates and discounts on their products and running of fashion shows that showcase their latest products (Kim 13). Monitoring and Control To ensure that there is a smooth running of the organization, the company has to monitor and control all its operations. To achieve this, the company has internal and external control systems that ensure that all the operations that are conducted at the company are in accordance to the set rules, regulations and standards. At the same time, the company has specific goals and objectives that have to be achieved within specified time periods. The company also has a budget that controls its revenue and expenditure. It also has copyrights for its products and logos. This protects their brands and properties from unfair competition and counterfeits. Kim, Enderle. Strategic Analysis of Nike, Inc. Chicago, IL. DePau University: 2000. Nike. Nike, Inc. Official Cite: World`s Leading Athletic Brand. Nike, Inc. Web. Rodman, Thomson. Market Planning and Analysis. New York: Sage, 2006

Capital Budgeting Decisions

The purpose of the report is to help the GM (A Large Carpentering Firm) to take the investment decision. GM wants to replace one of its existing sawing machines with the new one. For this purpose, two alternate sawing machines are considered, machine A is fully automated while machine B operates on standard technology. The problem is to find out which machine will be best suitable for replacement through using capital budgeting techniques such as NPV, IRR and pay back period method. There is clear objective to evaluate proposed Machines (A and B) with the help of various techniques of capital budgeting techniques. Another purpose is to guide management of GM on selection of best alternative through applying practical as well as theoretical aspects of capital budgeting. In order to evaluate the Machine A and Machine B through using capital budgeting methods, following methods have been used. Pay back period method is one of the most used methods used for capital budgeting decisions. It measures the length of time required to recollect the expenses made on the project in first year. It helps to analyst to know whether to undertake the project or not. Longer pay back periods are not desirable for investment purpose as compare to project where cost of project is recovered in less time (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2011). This method does not consider time value of money and cash inflows are subject to any present value factor as in case of other methods. In case GM firm, Mr. David wants to evaluate two machines on pay back period basis. Calculations are as under: Pay Back Period of Machine A: 4 years + [(660,000-644,000)/ (1,094,000-644,000)] years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 4 years +0.053 years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 4.053 years Pay Back period of Machine B: 3 years + [(360000-304000/ (390000-304000)] years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 3.65 years Net present value is the difference of present value of cash inflow and present value of cash outflows. This method is used in capital budgeting decisions and helps in evaluating the profitability of project or investment. This method considers time value of money, so, it is regarded as one of best method to evaluate the project for capital budgeting purpose (Pratt, 2010). Net Present Value of Machine A: Present value of cash inflows for Machine A – Present values of cash outflows for Machine A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $ 718,132.88 - $ 660,000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $ 58132.88 Net Present Value of Machine B: Present value of cash inflows for Machine B – Present values of cash outflows for Machine B   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = $ 43483.24 Internal rate of return refers to an interest rate where all the present value of cash inflows and cash outflows become zero. This interest rate is the rate at which project will earn if that project is selected (Drake and Fabozzi, 2012). This method of capital budgeting is used to analyze the attractiveness of the project. Project or investment is selected in case IRR is more than the firm required rate of return. Project or investment is rejected where IRR is less than the firm required rate of return. In the case of GM Company, the required rate of return is 13 %. On analyses if it has been found that IRR of Machine A or B is greater than that machine will be selected which has highest IRR (Fridson and Alvarez, 2011). On the basis of above analysis, the key findings are as under:   $  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   58,132.88 Rankings of Machines as per the method On the basis of various factors and ranking procedure applied to choose either machine A and B, it is concluded that GM firm must invest in Machine B to receive the outflows in less time period with highest IRR. As regards to NPV, Machine A has to be selected but it is also true that both machines have positive NPV (Staubus, 2013). There are many other factors that firm must considered while taking the investment decisions. Every investment requires outflow of cash at the beginning keeping in mind that such investment will provide higher benefits in future years (Bull, 2007). Therefore, decision related to plant and machine must be evaluated using capital budgeting methods but it is also important to consider factors like technology used in machine, other cost related with machine and functional capacity of the machine. In case of GM firm, Mr. David should consider following factors: Brigham, E. F. and Ehrhardt, M. C. 2011. Financial Management: Theory and Practice. Mason: Cengage Learning. Bull, R. 2007. Financial Ratios: How to use financial ratios to maximize value and success for your businesses. Elsevier. Drake, P. P. and Fabozzi, F. J. 2012. Analysis of Financial Statements. John Wiley & Sons. Fridson, M. S. and Alvarez, F. 2011. Financial Statement Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide. John Wiley & Sons. Menicucci, E. 2014. Fair Value Accounting: Key Issues Arising from the Financial Crisis. Springer. Mumba, C. 2013. Understanding Accounting and Finance: Theory and Practice. USA: Trafford Publishing. Pratt, J. 2010. Financial Accounting in an Economic Context. John Wiley & Sons. Staubus, G.J. 2013. The Decision Usefulness Theory of Accounting: A Limited History. Routledge.

Organizational Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Organizational Ethics - Essay Example External social pressures have both positive as well as negative impact on the ethics of an organization. The social expectations are meant to be given more importance by the company as this leads to better performance or downfall of the company. These social pressures are such that it bounds a company to give special consideration to the expectations of the society in terms of involvement in general community or performing responsibility towards the environment. The positive impact of this social pressure is that it enables a firm to work for a cause and deliver the best of services to its customers. As in the case of 21st Century Insurance where the main focus of the management is to meet the demands of their customers so that they work for the well being of their customers. On the other hand the negative impact of such external social pressures is that it greatly affects the decision making process and enforces the management to take decisions or take certain factors into account which currently was not being planned by the organization. This negative impact has been observed in the case of 21st Century Insurance where it had to implement strategies so as to meet the social expectations. ` The concept of ethical approach is essential in organizational or personal context as it helps to resolve many issues. The major factor of its importance is that it helps to design a framework within which an organization can operate. It even facilitates decision making process through its proper guidance in terms of analyzing what is wrong and what is right. The external social pressures help an organization to understand the expectations of the society and the responsibilities that they have towards the society so as to enhance the overall societal improvement. The decision making process gets simpler through these issues as it enables an individual to understand the