Tuesday, December 24, 2019

The Zinc Of Cobalt 60 - 868 Words

COBALT-60 INTRO Cobalt-60 or also known as co-60 is one of the many isotopes of the element, Cobalt. Cobalt has 28 isotopes other than Cobalt-60, these include: Cobalt-47, Cobalt-48, Cobalt-49, Cobalt-50, Cobalt-51, Cobalt-52, Cobalt-53, Cobalt-54, Cobalt-55, Cobalt-56, Cobalt-58, Cobalt-59, Cobalt-60, Cobalt-61, Cobalt-62, Cobalt-63, Cobalt-64, Cobalt-65, Cobalt-66, Cobalt-67, Cobalt-68, Cobalt-69, Cobalt-70, Cobalt-71, Cobalt-72, Cobalt-73, Cobalt-74, Cobalt-75 and Cobalt-76 (Jefferson Lab, n.d.). Co-60 is a synthetically produced radioisotope with a half-life of 5.27 years (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). It decays through beta particles and gamma radiation (CDC, 2005). Cobalt-60 decays into stable isotope, Nickel-60 through beta minus decay (radioactivity.eu.com, n.d.). SAFETY ISSUES Cobalt-60 can be very dangerous to human health. If ingested or inhaled, the majority of co-60 is excreted in the feces and the rest is absorbed into the blood and tissues, mainly the liver, kidneys and bones (CDC, 2014; United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2015). As co-60 is involved in ionising radiation, all co-60 that is absorbed by liver, kidneys or bone tissue can cause cancer and because it decays by gamma radiation, this results in an increased risk of cancer in comparison to other radioisotopes along with skin burns, acute radiation sickness, or death. In occasional circumstances, medical or industrial radiation sources are lost or stolenShow MoreRelatedDetecting Signs of Chemical Change1412 Words   |  6 PagesDetecting Signs of Chemical Change REAC 399 Prepared by: Elizabeth G. Perez Date of experiment: October 3, 2006 Course: Chemistry 100/60 Abstract: The objective of this experiment will be to combine various substances, liquids and metals, and to observe their behavior when they are combined. 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On the other hand, nonmycorrhizal little bluestems showed significantly greater root and shoot biomass, with p less than 0.05 (Cerligione et al., 1988). It produced lowerRead MoreChemistry 30s Exam Grade 115171 Words   |  21 PagesKNO3† below for Questions 20 to 22. Solubility Curve for KNO3 150 140 Solubility (grams of solute/100 g H2O) 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 unsaturated saturated saturated/ supersaturated Temperature ( C) 20. Estimate the approximate solubility of KNO3 at 30 ºC. a) 16 g/100 g H2O b) 33 g/100 g H2O c) 48 g/100 g H2O d) 60 g/100 g H2O 21. Estimate the temperature at which the solubility of potassium nitrate is 50 g/100 g. a) About 90 ºC b) About 20 ºC c)Read MoreItems and the Resources behind Them1468 Words   |  6 Pagesused to begin the injection molding. To get rubber, slanted strips of bark thick are cut from trees. The latex concentrate is shipped by tank trucks to the centrifuge operation. 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Sunday, December 15, 2019

The Zimmerman Case Free Essays

The Zimmerman Case has had its verdict yesterday and I would have written then, but I was busy building my thoughts. What I should cover first is why the Zimmerman Case is significant. It is not significant because of race, or the right to defend one’s self. We will write a custom essay sample on The Zimmerman Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now In defense of my position on the race aspect, the media has tried to portray Zimmerman as white, when, in fact he is Hispanic or as my wife is adamant about, Latino. Apparently, you can’t call Hispanics Hispanics any more and you have to call them Latino. Ok, sure fine I don’t really care what people want to be called; it has no bearing to me on the individual other than personal preference. So, if the media is not really sure what race Zimmerman is, the issue of race becomes moot, but it does show that there are other motivations in doing so as someone’s race is a pretty big way of describing an individual to the public. I suspect that this has more to do with the Immigration Issue than race despite the media is trying to make be seen that way. Showing Latinos as white would go a long way toward naturalizing immigrants in the public’s mind. The right to defend one’s self, is not an issue either, in that it is a personal responsibility to do so. Following someone does not justify aggression if that person is acting within a prescribed and legal role, in this case, as a member of the community watch. They say Martin was just going out for Skittles and some sort of drink and that was all he had on him when he was being followed out of the area by Zimmerman. If he was going out to get these items, then why did he have these items on him when he was leaving. This seems suspect to me, but actually has little bearing on the point I am trying to make with this. The issue here isn’t if Zimmerman should have been arrested, he should not have. It is also not if Zimmerman had the legal right to shoot and kill Martin; he did. Martin acted as the aggressor and forced Zimmerman in to a physical battle, and Zimmerman, in reacting to the battle, did no go for the gun first. He used the gun after Martin used weapon on him (banging his head on to the ground; I have had this happen to me and I have had to do it to others; The ground is most definitely something that can be used as a weapon). The shot was fired, upwards and in to the front of Martin, therefore, the killing was justified. The only real issue that I had with this was if Zimmerman waited too long, but to that end, I wasn’t there and so I have no right to an opinion on the judgement concerning the time frame between actual use of the ground as a weapon and the use of a gun. The issue here isn’t, as many people want to believe, if the trial was justified. This should have had an investigation in to the shooting, and of that, there is no question, but it was only to justify if the shooting was legal or not, not to determine guilt of Zimmerman or Martin which the media seems to have confused, but the real issue here is if it was a fair trial. The concept of justice is that justice be fair and impartial. The Executive Branch of the government represents the justice system within the United States. The Executive Branch, when considering the implications of justice, has to see things from all points of view and recognize the rights of all parties concerned with the verdict, ie the prosecutor and the defendant, while ignoring all unaffected parties even if they feel they are a stakeholder (parents, relatives and friends). The actual verdict has to be fair within a reasonable consideration of peers. Those peers form the basis for the jury and the jury is chosen by the prosecution, therefore controlling, to some degree the legitimacy of the defense as well as the impartiality of the verdict as the intent of the jurors are to put themselves within the mindset of the defense, but from what is considered a reasonable state of mind. The biggest consideration here has to be that the argument must be presented in such a way as though neither race nor gender should have any consideration on the defense at the time of the crime. If that there is, in fact, a finding that race or gender is a factor, considerations should be made. In the argument of self-defense, the first consideration that should be made is was the defense actually in sort of danger and that danger being loss of life or permanent injury. In choosing women, the prosecution was seeking the sympathy angle for the minor who died as a result of the action resulting in the trial. The biggest factor that is being ignored with the media is that the jurors had to put themselves in, not the position of Martin, but of Zimmerman and therefore Zimmerman acting within his role of public defender (the Community Watch, in this case). This reversal of roles from what the public considers as fair is what, ultimately, destroyed the prosecution’s case. Arguing the case without considerations of race or gender forced the women to wonder what they would have been forced to do in Zimmerman’s role within that of public defender. To that end, they had to ask themselves, would they have been afraid and would they have had the responsibility to defend themselves, not necessarily with lethal force, but by any means necessary. That they would not have necessarily put themselves in to that position had no actual bearing on the subject as that personal choice was removed for them, hence impartiality. The factor of this being a fair trial, is decreed by a panel of peers, initially chosen at random, but decided by the very people trying to prosecute the case. That they choose women, become immaterial as the prosecution has its own agenda from that of the defense. The issue with this wasn’t if the case was not fair, or that the verdict was unfair as the situation presented, described a reasonable justification of fear in the situation of Zimmerman. It showed that an assault with deadly force was committed by the documentation collaborated by witnesses. It showed that the use of deadly force was legal and it showed that Zimmerman showed restraint in using that deadly force by the action of deadly weapon (the ground) putting Zimmerman’s life in actual danger as well as the fact that Martin did not disengage his ‘supposed attacker’ but actually escalated the fight and did not seek to flee. In the end, this was a fair verdict, in that anyone in Zimmerman’s position would have used deadly force as long as you do not make any considerations toward race or gender, ie, had it been a woman in Zimmerman’s place, she would have done the same exact thing, but again, this is not the real issue. With this case, the head of the Executive Branch, the head of the justice system within the country, is seeking to show personal bias, and is basing that bias upon race and not reasonable actions within the situation itself as shown by the trial itself. How to cite The Zimmerman Case, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Bed Bug Bites Free Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Bed Bug Bites Or Cimex Lectularius. Answer: Introduction: Bed bugs or Cimex lectularius is a type of parasitic insect that feeds on blood of other animals, and is commonly found in third world countries where there is unsanitary hygiene conditions and congested population. Contradictorily, after the latter half of the twentieth century, spread of bed bugs was observed even in developed countries like Europe, United States and Canada. The aim of this brochure is to provide a brief idea regarding the Cimex bug which would help research scholars develop ways to control its spread and for health organizations to make the general population aware of the bed bug infection and its harmful effects. The brochure is important to draw attention about bed bugs, because according to an article provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, bed bugs can occur anywhere regardless of cleanliness and every clinical symptom is different for each affected person (CDC - Bed Bugs - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), 2018), which makes it difficult to t reat. Article 1 by Susser (2013) According to a journal article published in International Journal of Molecular Sciences, it was addressed that sleep deprivation over a prolonged period of time may lead to different health problems, physical as well as mental. Any hindrances or nocturnal pruritus can lead to malfunction in the restorative process of sleep (Lavery, Stull, Kinney Yosipovitch, 2016). The constant irritant stimulus and compulsion to perform nocturnal pruritus can lead to both infection and mental health declination. The research paper is dedicated to correlate the occurrence of Cimex infestation and its impact on the sleep disturbance which leads to anxiety and depression. There are no epidemiological study data that would support the hypothesis of the paper, but it is most likely to be observed that recurrent infestations of Cimex will eventually hamper sleep of the person affected and thereby will most likely to become irritable, anxious and will eventually suffer from temporary mental illness. The s cientists performed a secondary research based on a survey conducted by Montreal Public Health department in 2010. A total of 91 participants who lived in unhealthy living conditions were questioned and was noted that half of the sample participants suffered from sleep deprivation and most of those people suffered depression and preferred isolation. The patients physical as well as mental health should be clinically diagnosed by doctors to ensure an all rounded therapy. The doctors are also advised to make the patient and their family aware to be careful regarding the infection. Article 2 by Salazar et al. (2015) The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, causing a disease known as Chagas disease is rampant in the Latin America, where low sanitation is seen. According to an estimate provided by CDC shows that, nearly eight million people are affected by Chagas dieases in Latin American populated areas (Chagas disease, 2018). The problem with this disease is that it can remain undetected for years and prolonged exposure leads to enlargement of heart ventricles, esophagus and colon. Recent research has shown that Cimex has similar features like the Triatomine class of insects like that of T. cruzi (Benoit et al., 2016) Scientists are trying to find out the relation between these similar features and whether or not Cimex can serve as a vector for Chagas disease. In their experiment they infected a group of healthy mice with T. cruzi and those mice were exposed to Cimex. The results showed that the Cimex that fed on the infected mice acquired the Chagas disease effectively. The Cimex were then observed to t ransmit the T.cruzi into normal mice when they were subjected to cohabitation with normal mice. Another method of disease transmission was through contact with T. cruzi contaminated fecal matter in healthy mice. Data analysis has shown that the more probable cause of Chagas disease transmission was due exposure to fecal matter of the infected mice into the normal mice via Cimex. This can pose a threat to entomologists in considering Cimex as a potential vector to T.cruzi and awareness should be created in areas where Chagas disease is potent. Article 3 by Olson et al. (2013) Olson et al. (2013) worked on cold tolerance of bed bugs. It is a known fact that the performance of animals as well as insects is controlled by the temperature of the surrounding environment, geographical locations where temperate and polar conditions prevail; the majority of the insect population faces a set back and is challenged to survive in under low nutritious conditions. This is natures own pest controlling method to inhibit excessive spreading of insects directly or indirectly by impacting physiological responses, biological function and reproductive ability (Sinclair, Alvarado Ferguson, 2015). An article of Journal of Economic Entomology, states that Cimex has high tolerance to even cold temperatures and can feed in those extreme freezing conditions. This suggests that Cimex infestation can also occur in cold climatic conditions in which generally all other insects are unable to thrive. The scientists exposed the Cimex to extreme freezing temperatures with variable time of exposure and determined the bugs tolerance towards cold and how the mortality is affected by harsh temperatures. They studied the different life cycle stages of the Cimex and determined the optimum tolerance to manage pest control. The mean temperature ranged from -21.3C to -30.3C, with the egg phase having the lowest tolerance. Only when the bugs were exposed to a lethal freezing temperature of about -31.2C, all the bugs were reported to be dead, meaning these bugs could not survive a temperature lower than body freezing. Health organizations should create awareness in colder countries and observe the low hygienic areas to find the presence Cimex bugs and way to control them. Article 4 by Zhu et al. (2013) Zhu et al. (2013) worked on resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Chemical insecticides are mostly used to control disease causing vectors that affect the human population and spread diseases and rampant infection. The first choice of insecticide is the pyrethoid class of chemicals which is highly efficient to destroy most of the vectors (Nkya, Akhouayri, Kisinza David, 2013). The recent advancement in the genomic mapping of Cimex, have been able to analyze of the whole genome of the species. The analysis has showed that, as of late, the species has developed a resistance towards pyrethroid group of insecticides. Fourteen molecular markers have been identified to be associated with the insecticide resistance by transcriptome analysis. The article shows that the genes responsible for the insecticide resistance have different mechanism to inhibit the pesticide action by slowing down the toxin effect before it is targeted to the nervous tissues. The variety in the different strategies is dependent on the physiological, morphological and metabolic construct of the Cimex, which is only unique to this insect. Scientists should try to find chemicals that would directly destroy the genetic structure of the bugs that are structurally dissimilar to pyrethriods. Article 5 by Rahim et al. (2016) The dependence of the Cimex on humans for its blood meal leads to the direct exposure of human contact with the bug. Due to this reason, many adverse physiological and mental reactions are observed in patients who undergo Cimex infestation. The discomfort caused to the patient are mainly, irritability, nocturnal pruritus which may lead to the development of chronic inflammation, transmission to other domestic mammals and people, adverse allergic reactions and skin rashes (Minocha et al., 2017) The common clinical symptoms from Cimex bite include inflammation, swelling, redness, bullous eruptions, itchiness and development of rash and lesions. Affected individual develop compulsive pruritis (adverse itching sensation) and lesions after they have been bitten by Cimex. The severity of the skin reactions manifested from the bed bug bites varies between individuals and the bite from female Cimex were observed to take longer time to heal than male bug bites. Health practitioners are reques ted to clinically treat their mental health if necessary along with physical treatment and advise the affected people not enhance their infection by mistreatment and scratching. Conclusion: The sudden uprise of the Cimex or bed bugs is a growing concern and is clinically neglected in most developed countries. The United States are recorded to have the highest number of Cimex infested population in the world. The past decade, Canada has been susceptible to spread of bed bugs and mainly the homeless population seems to suffer from the recurrent manifestations of the bug. The clinical manifestations of the bug bite are not only restricted to physical infections but also impact the overall mental health of the individual. The more alarming issue that needs to be addresses is that the Cimex has developed resistance against the widely used insecticide, pyrethroids. Health organizations should be focusing to find out ways to control the widespread growth of these blood sucking parasites before it becomes a major worldwide threat. References: Benoit, J. B., Adelman, Z. N., Reinhardt, K., Dolan, A., Poelchau, M., Jennings, E. C., ... Zhu, F. (2016). Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome.Nature communications,7, ncomms10165. Chagas disease. (2018).World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 February 2018, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs340/en/ Lavery, M., Stull, C., Kinney, M., Yosipovitch, G. (2016). Nocturnal Pruritus: The Battle for a Peaceful Nights Sleep.International Journal Of Molecular Sciences,17(12), 425. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030425. Minocha, R., Wang, C., Dang, K., Webb, C. E., Fernndez?Peas, P., Doggett, S. L. (2017). Systemic and erythrodermic reactions following repeated exposure to bites from the Common bed bug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).Austral Entomology,56(3), 345-347. Nkya, T. E., Akhouayri, I., Kisinza, W., David, J. P. (2013). Impact of environment on mosquito response to pyrethroid insecticides: facts, evidences and prospects.Insect biochemistry and molecular biology,43(4), 407-416. Olson, J., Eaton, M., Kells, S., Morin, V., Wang, C. (2013). Cold Tolerance of Bed Bugs and Practical Recommendations for Control.Journal Of Economic Entomology,106(6), 2433-2441. https://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec13032. Quarles, W. (2015). New IPM methods for bed bugs.IPM Pract,34(7/8), 1-9. Rahim, A. H. A., Zahran, Z., Ab Majid, A. H. (2016). Human skin reactions towards bites of tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus F.(Hemiptera: Cimicidae): A preliminary case study.Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease,6(5), 366-371. Salazar, R., Borrini-Mayor, K., Tustin, A., Levy, M., Nquira, C., Castillo-Neyra, R. (2015). Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius) as Vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi.The American Journal Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene,92(2), 331-335. https://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0483. Sinclair, B. J., Alvarado, L. E. C., Ferguson, L. V. (2015). An invitation to measure insect cold tolerance: methods, approaches, and workflow.Journal of thermal biology,53, 180-197. Susser, S. R. (2013). Good night, sleep tight, dont let the bed bugs bite: exploring the mental health fallout of urban bed bug infestation in Montral, Qubec. Zhu, F., Gujar, H., Gordon, J. R., Haynes, K. F., Potter, M. F., Palli, S. R. (2013). Bed bugs evolved unique adaptive strategy to resist pyrethroid insecticides.Scientific reports,3, 1456.