Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Management Styles in the Workplace Essays

The executives Styles in the Workplace Essays The executives Styles in the Workplace Essay The executives Styles in the Workplace Essay The executives Styles in the Workplace Reason Statement: My motivation today is to illuminate you on four diverse administration styles in the working environment. Postulation Statement: It is significant for chiefs to comprehend their administration style when certain circumstances emerge in the work place, by realizing your administration style you will improve as a pioneer. Introduction:Have you at any point been told, â€Å"Do it thusly or don’t do it at all?† if so do you recognize what sort of authority or the executives style this. Well today, I’m going to advise you around four distinctive sort regarding the board styles; majority rule, despotic, paternalistic, and free enterprise. Additionally, I will clarify the favorable circumstances and drawbacks of every administration style.Main Point 1: Democratic Management Style A. What's going on here? a. As per Building a Management Style, Democratic administration manufactures responsibility among representatives so as to produce new thoughts. It is one that looks for contribution from all representatives and permits the staff to utilize their own work strategies, to complete the errand in an opportune issue. The Democratic Management Style is like the participatory administration style since it produces moderate undertaking productivity yet high fulfillment, as indicated by the reading material. These two sorts of the executives style bring about a transformational administration approach as indicated by the distribution by Larry Thompson. This methodology brings about staff strengthening by causing the staff or group to feel that they are a piece of the dynamic procedure, which will persuade your group and produce new thoughts. B. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages a. Preferences: I. It is individuals focused ii. Urges others to share thoughts iii. Enduring elective perspectives (understanding at there is more than one method of achieving the objective) b. Disservices: I. The supervisor could be exploited because of representatives not attempting to their maximum capacity. ii. Moderate undertaking effectiveness iii. Hinder dynamic procedure Primary concern 2: Autocratic Management Style A. What's going on here? a. As indicated by Building a Management Style absolutist administrators do a total 180 has far as rewarding his/Her staff. The book expresses this sort of supervisor is resolute about getting long haul results, and help from others. b. Totalitarian administration style is fundamentally the same as high order authority style concentrated in the course book, for example, profitability is high, with little worry for individuals and their fulfillment level. The despotic administration style just offers single direction correspondence, and that is through the pioneer. This kind of the executives style falls into the value-based hypothesis as indicated by the distribution by Larry Thompson. B. What are the Advantages and the Disadvantages?a. Focal points: I. In spite of the fact that this sort of the board style appears to be truly powerful there are numerous points of interest. As indicated by Managementstyle.org a couple of the preferences are: 1. Directions are forceful,2. can settle on quick choices, 3. less unforeseen derail because of absence of correspondence. b. Disservices: I. With such a Hitler style the executives approach there will burdens to utilizing the totalitarian administration style, as indicated by Managementstyle.org, for example, 1. The staff may feel futile as they are not counseled 2. Contribution from the staff isn't permitted 3. Staff looking out for directions (will cause delays) Main Point 3: Paternalistic Management Style A. What's going on here? a. As per learningmanagement2.com the paternalistic administration style is blend of both law based and dictatorial administration styles. Paternalistic directors will request the staff perspectives and suppositions, which permits them to feel included, yet at long last the administrator will settle on the finial choice. b. As per Dr. Daniel Theyagu, who is a corporate mentor and course pioneer, propose that by utilizing the paternalistic administration style approach, the pioneer will figure out how to move away from appointment to strengthening. I. Dr. Daniel Theyagu proposes pioneers should remain engaged with the advancement of their staff, so the director can know about his/her staff’s needs. ii. It is significant for consistent correspondence, to clear up any vulnerability among the staff and ensure everybody is on a similar level for normal qualities and objective of the undertaking or assignment. iii. Dr. Daniel Theyagu additionally accepts that when individuals feel included they are bound to ‘â€Å"buy in’ the dreams and estimations of the leader.† Main Point 4: Laissez Faire Management Style:A. What's going on here? a. Free enterprise Management style is otherwise called careless authority style in the course reading. As per the business word reference site, free enterprise the board styles is a non-tyrant way to deal with the executives. This kind of chief feels that or â€Å"believes that individuals will exceed expectations when they are disregarded to react to their duties and commitments in their own particular manners. B. What are the favorable circumstances and disadvantages?a. Focal points: According to about.com this sort of the board can be very impact on the off chance that: I. At the point when pioneers are still there for discussion and input ii. Individuals can work alone and still be inspired iii. On the off chance that Members are exceptionally gifted, they don't have to look out for the board to disclose to them how to finish the errand. b. Inconveniences: In many cases the disservices out way the points of interest since I. The absence of direction may leave the staff feeling dismissed. ii. As per the course book, pioneer take no part in the dynamic procedure and offers little counsel or heading. End: We are for the most part administrators of your own lives, however one day we will be pioneers of others. Just administration style permits others to participate in the dynamic procedure. Absolutist administration style pioneers decide without respects to other people. Paternalistic takes into account others input, yet the choice is still up to the pioneer. Free enterprise the board style is an additional hands off methodology, and this sort of pioneer style isn't suggested for most circumstances. Realizing what the various sorts of the board styles are, and what they mean, this can be an educational favorable position to possibly utilizing certain administration styles in specific references.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

The African Roots of the Literature Black Diaspora Essay Example

The African Roots of the Literature Black Diaspora Essay Example The African Roots of the Literature Black Diaspora Essay The African Roots of the Literature Black Diaspora Essay Theoretical This paper looks at the oral customs of Africa and how those social practices have brought forth and formed the abstract culture of Black America. While it doesn't endeavor to look at the whole array of abstract manifestations in the Americas, the paper references, quickly, the dark American oral old stories and the writing of the Harlem Renaissance †drawing matches between the oral culture of Africa and the writing of Black America and the Caribbean. Catchphrases: customs molded Americasgamut manifestations Harlem RenaissanceCaribbean Presentation The issue of dark hesitance has gone past the discussion about whether the blood interface between the dark American and the African is a metaphor. The blood that streams in the veins of the African-American (or the dark man anyplace on the planet) is ontological, not a logical, marvel. So saying, we endeavor to set up that a long way from being an authentic mishap predicated upon a likeness of destiny and political encounters, this tie is unyieldingly gotten from a permanence of qualities. We stress that the association between the African and the dark man in the Americas is intrinsical, a beneficial interaction. We expect to call attention to that dark African culture is a source and bi-result of dark American social articulation. Principle Discussion The slave exchange was the vehicle for the resettlement of the dark man in the new world. This trans-Atlantic experience got instrumental in the foundation of the social acts of dark Africa in the Americas. For, subjugation imported slaves as well as a plenty of social and social ancient rarities, for example, music, talk, old stories, religion, even the faith in, and making of, fantasies and legends †subsumed in fables †and, obviously, the streams of African blood conveyed in the veins of these human items. Presently the African in the Americas has been labeled substandard compared to his white co-pilgrims. This isn't becau

Tuesday, July 28, 2020

Senior Week Anjum Sharma

Senior Week Anjum Sharma Name: Anjum Sharma Hometown: Perkasie, PA Degree and Minor: 15 with a minor in 14 [laymans terms: Management Science with a minor in Economics] Whats next: Working as an analyst for Lehman Brothers in NYC for their Global Real Estate Group in the Fixed Income Division. Favorite MIT Class: 8.20 Special Relativity because Professor Jaffe was an amazing lecturer who is incredibly passionate about his work and about teaching and the topic is highly interesting and something Id have been completely unexposed to otherwise. Favorite MIT Professor: Terry Heagney for 15.281 Managerial Communications because he was always willing to help us with things completely unrelated to his class and made himself incredibly available as a mentor. Learning from his vast industry experience was also very valuable. Favorite MIT Event: Tie between Boos Cruise and Senior Ball. Everyone was just so happy at these events and it was amazing to get together with everyone in the class. Random MIT Memory: Trying bubble tea for the first time with Matt McGann and the rest of the advising group freshman year. I didnt like the way the bobas tasted so I started shooting them out of my straw at random targets on our walk back to campus from Chinatown. I got into a shooting competition with another one of the advisees and it made the walk highly entertaining. Whats funny is that now Im addicted to bubble tea and would never imagine wasting any of the bobas again. UROPs: Freshman Year in Course 9 [Brain Cognitive Sciences department] with Prof. Ken Wexlers lab. We studied the language acquisition process in children of various age groups. Junior Year in Course 15 [Management Science department] with Prof. Nittai Bergman. We tried to find a way to analyze how various networks are formed amongst CEOs and other top executives in Fortune 500 firms. Living Groups: Freshman year in MacGregor House I Entry: technically part of H Entry, but Chris Pentacoff (who lived across the hall from me) and I made the 2-1 suite break off from the rest of H entry and begin our own colony. I Entry exists to this day with me as its former CEO and Chris as Chief Engineer. In sophomore year I lived in Baker House, 2nd west. Junior and Senior year in Alpha Chi Omega. Activities: Alpha Chi Omega (social chair Senior year, recruitment chair Junior year), Dance Troupe (treasurer Sophomore Junior and Senior years), Panhellenic Association (publicity chair Junior year), Mentor Connection (Junior and Senior years), Orientation Leader (Sophomore Junior and Senior years), Womens Orientation Committee (Sophomore year), MIT Bhangra Team (Freshman and Senior year), Boston Garba/Raas Rangma tali Team (Sophomore year), Mars Gravity Biosatellite (finance manager Sophomore year), Associate Advisor (Senior year), Baker House (judicial committee officer Sophomore year), South Asian American Students (culture show choreographer Senior year), Hindu Students Council (secretary Sophomore year, publicity chair Freshman year), Sloan Undergraduate Management Association, Undergraduate Economics Association. Otherwise I like to golf.

Friday, May 22, 2020

The Islamic Republic Of Afghanistan - 1704 Words

Background Throughout history the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has faced numerous invasions, a series of civil wars and enormous bloodshed. In 1978 the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in a coup against President Mohamed Daoud in what is known as the Saur Revolution. This revolution is said to be the catalyst for upheaval and armed resistance that would follow for the next 20 years. Opposition of the communist regime resulted in the rise of guerilla mujahideen forces that quickly escalated into a civil war. The Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisors in support of the PDPA government and soon established a soviet-organized government to stabilized Afghanistan under Babrak Karmal’s leadership. All the†¦show more content†¦After the death of over 1 million Afghans and about 6 million refugees, How did the establishment of Taliban rule affect the rights, freedoms and opportunities of women in Afghanistan? Prior to Taliban rule, women had significant rights and educational and professional opportunities. As early as 1920’s women were granted the right to vote and equal rights for men and women that would be undermined by later successions of power. In 1964, a new constitution creates a modern democracy with free elections, equal rights, freedom of speech, universal suffrage, and allows women to enter into politics. The 1970’s under Soviet supported PDPA government are characterized by further liberalization reforms such as: separation of religion and state, banning burquas, raising the legal age of marriage to 16, requires education for girls, and abolishes walwar. During the 1980’s insurrection groups against the Soviet government threaten liberal reforms. By late 1988 the Soviet Union retreats its forces and Afghanistan is torn into civil war between t ribal leaders and mujahideen leading up to the Taliban’s takeover in 1996. Upon the Taliban’s seizing of power, they institute a severe interpretation of Sharia Law, cracking down on â€Å"un-Islamic† aspects of society that most heavily targeted the rights, freedoms and opportunities of Afghan

Saturday, May 9, 2020

O Lincoln s Reputation As The Great Emancipator - 1900 Words

o Lincoln s reputation as the great emancipator rests largely on his emancipation proclamation, an executive order which went into effect on January 1st, 1863. This order ostensibly freed all the slaves in territory currently rebelling against the United States, i.e. in areas where the US government had no authority to free slaves. This is rather like the United States announcing that, from here on out, North Korea would be ruled by Lady Gaga. Sure, it s a great idea, but it s not really your jurisdiction. In areas where the US did have the authority to free slaves--the border states and some of the areas of the Confederacy that had been effectively conquered and occupied by federal troops, those slaves were not freed. So Lincoln†¦show more content†¦Thanks, ThoughtBubble. So Lincoln may also have issued the Proclamation in order to shift the focus of the war from Union to slavery to prevent the British from recognizing the Confederacy. Arguably, the Confederacy s best chance to win the Civil War was to get some kind of foreign patron, and Britain was the likeliest choice as it was very dependent on Confederate textiles. But as you ll remember from all those people going to Canada, Britain had already abolished slavery and it was the historic source of abolitionist sentiment, and so it was very shrewd of Lincoln to make the war about slavery. Off-topic, but if I may put on my world historian hat for a moment, thank you, Stan, the fact that the British did not recognize the South had profound effects on the whole world, because it meant that the British shifted their focus to Egypt and India as sources of cotton for their textile mills. All that noted, I think Lincoln does deserve some credit for freeing the slaves, for two reasons. First, he pushed for the Thirteenth Amendment, which actually ended slavery in the United States, and perhaps more importantly, he continued the war to its conclusion and demanded that the end of slavery and the return of the southern states to the Union be conditions for

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Bmw Case Free Essays

What was BMW’s motivation behind the idea of producing the films? BMW’s motivation behind the idea of producing the films was one to simply communicate, and focus on â€Å"what makes a BMW a BMW†. In fact, there was no product launch to advertise and BMW was able to use this time to shift its strategy from ‘push’ to ‘pull’. The goal of this advertisement was to â€Å"produce the most exciting, fun thing people had ever seen come out of their computer†. We will write a custom essay sample on Bmw Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now In terms of numbers, this campaign was used to maintain growth and sales, which had been growing excessively since 1992: from 60 000 units sold to 180 000 units (exhibit 1). In terms of target, BMW wanted to attract younger generations while still keeping its current target audience. This would enable the brand to increase the already high brand loyalty (44. 7%, Exhibit 8a), by getting customers from a younger age, and therefore following them throughout their lives. In terms of image, the goals of this campaign were to strengthen the company’s brand image in luxury segment, and differentiate it from other competitors. Who was the target market for the BMW Films campaign? With its campaign, BMW was hoping to reach customers between the ages of 25 to 44 who were new to the luxury car market, without affecting their current customer base, being 46 year old male, married with no children with a median income of about $150 000. This target audience was therefore well educated, two thirds were very active males engaged in sports and other activities. BMW wanted to target people who wanted a perfect product, stylish and which offered great driving experience. Last but not least, the target was highly attracted to technology, as the â€Å"Internet was used by 85% of customers before buying a BMW†; the films on the Internet therefore targeted perfectly these people. How successful has the campaign been? Why or why not? There are two ways of defining a successful campaign: the effectiveness and efficiency. In terms of effectiveness, it is important to compare the results according to the initial goals. Overall, the campaign was really successful: BMW sales increase by 12. 5% compared to 2000. Concerning viewers, films were viewed 11 million times in the first four months, and were seen by 1 981 049 people in total. The short films were recommended by 94% of the people who registered on the website, showing how incredible and successful the buzz was. Last but not least, two million people registered on the site after viewing the films and 60% signed up to receive newsletters and other information. In terms of numbers, this campaign was therefore obviously very effective: it was a tremendous buzz and gave the brand a â€Å"cooler† and younger image. Concerning target audience, in comparison with the overall goals, BMW was very successful here again. In fact, the median age of the people who registered on the website was 31, exactly in the target market goal. Moreover, the higher segments of viewers were in the range of 25 to 34 years old (35%) and between 35 to 44 years old (22%). These segments include both young people targeted by BMW and its current target market. 63% of viewers were educated and 68% of profile visitors owned non luxury makes, and were therefore new to the luxury segment. Here we can clearly see that all target objectives were reached by BMW. In terms of strategic goals, the company was also successful: it perfectly produced â€Å"the most exciting, fun thing people had ever seen†, and focused their message on what makes a BMW a BMW. Here is what a viewer said: â€Å"BMW lets the directors do whatever they want and they’re not constantly shoving the BMW logo in your face or anything†. Here again, BMW reached its entire strategic goal. Overall, the campaign was extremely effective in terms of achieving goals and communication to customers. Although effective, it is important to calculate the efficiency of this campaign. In order to do so, it is necessary to calculate the Cost per Thousand (CPM), and compare it to an ad airing during the super bowl. The calculations are detailed in Appendix 1. I have focused my analysis on the movies which aired on the internet, their costs of production and number of viewers, to compare it to the super bowl commercials. Overall, even without considering the costs of publicity (trailers on TV, print advertising) which reached $14 million, the CPM is way higher than for super bowl commercials ($ 7571 against $ 31. 25 respectively). Therefore, the efficiency of the BMW film series was low, as costs were way higher compared to the audience reached. In conclusion, this BMW campaign was very effective but not efficient. BMW should now focus on an â€Å"encore†. I believe that the company should create a DVD to give to dealerships in order to reach potential customers and already existing customers who didn’t view the movies. In addition to that, BMW should produce three to four new films with Clive Owen. This would enable BMW to answer the demands and desires of their customers, without disappointing them. When using A Brand New World, I believe that BMW was really able to create brand strength and not only brand awareness. This campaign really enabled the company to create an emotional attachment with both its customers and potential customers. Appendices Appendix 1: Cost per Thousands comparison |BMW FILMS ON WEBSITE |AD DURING SUPERBOWL | |Cost of production/ ad |$ 15 000 000 |$ 2 500 000 | |Circulation |1 981 049 |80 000 000 | |Cost Per Thousand (CPM) |$ 7571 |$ 31. 25 | Appendix 2: Target effectiveness, Example of non BMW owners reached [pic] How to cite Bmw Case, Papers

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace Essay Example

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace Paper The growth of interdependence of people and ultras in the global society of the 21 SST century has forced us to pay even more attention to intercultural issues. In order to live and function in this multicultural environment as effectively and meaningfully as possible, people must be competent in Intercultural communication, which includes verbal and nonverbal communication. Communicating with people from other cultures can be challenging regardless of where one works. At the same time, ones ability to foster successful communication between people of differing cultures will bolster ones success in business and career. In order to overcome the cultural barriers to effective communication, one must first learn what culture means. Culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms for behavior. I do have a couple of specific example to discuss but working In human resources. I have to be sensitive to many different cultures and will focus on the different situations I have encountered. The first instance of intercultural communication that comes to mind is a situation where I was trying to explain a policy to an employee. The particular employee who s from India originally but has been in the United States for some time yet is difficult to understand with her strong accent. The employee sent me an e-mail with a question regarding the use of annual and sick leave time and the length she would be allowed to be on vacation and sick leave combined. The second part of the question involved the insurance coverage of a treatment she wanted to receive while visiting India called Arrived (arrived is a system of medicine that originated in India several thousand years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Communication in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Communication in the Workplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Communication in the Workplace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The term Arrived combines two Sanskrit words your, which means life, and Veda, which means science or knowledge. Arrived means the science of life). Although this might seem like a simple answer It was not and Involved discussion with her manager and some research to understand what this treatment was all about and if it would be covered. Situations such as this one make it difficult to decide if the best approach is to communicate via e-mail or to attempt to communicate face to face to make sure one understands. The second situation involves a Package employee who works in our building and is from the Somalia. This person came here as a refugee and speaks very little English yet is always friendly and has a smile on his face. At Characteristic, It was suggested to adopt a Tamely Ana someone suggested patting NV Ana Nils Tamely. I tongue It was a wonderful idea yet the group had individuals who objected and said what about one of our employees! I thought that was very selfish and it should not matter whether it was a Court employee or a Package employee. However, the decision was made we would not adopt this family through the Court but a group of us decided it as the right thing to do and worked with Catholic Social Services to make it a special Christmas for him and his family after all but did so anonymously. In the first situation I had to do some research to understand what exactly this treatment was for and why she was not receiving the treatment here in the United States. What I learned is the treatment mainly comprises of powders, tablets, and detections, and medicated oils prepared from natural herbs, plants and minerals. The medicines are from natural sources and not synthetic, they are accepted and assimilated in the body without creating any side effects. Because she was going to be in India visiting family she wanted to take the opportunity to get this treatment from someone she trusted in her own country. I have also learned about the certain comfort zone in this culture as well as weddings can go on for three to four days, which is what she was going there for, and the culture is not good with paperwork. Had I taken the time to explore her culture or even ask her about it I could have learned this and been able to understand where she was coming from instead of making assumptions and Judgments. The result was she was allowed to take her 6 ekes of annual leave but was not able to use sick leave because having the treatment there was a personal choice and the medical insurance would not cover it. Although I thought I was being open to the cultures of others I now recognize that one can take it a step further and take the initiative to learn on my own and ask questions to become educated on the cultures of others. The second situation which involved adopting the family was also very important and was happy that we went to Catholic Social Services for assistance. The biggest factor in this situation was the employees who wanted to participate in this particular nation could but it would have to be anonymous as opposed to the employees presenting the gifts. I was fine with this approach but we again had others who wanted to be recognized for their contribution and choose not to participate. Well, what I learned is the reason it had to be done anonymously is because it might cause humiliation and embarrassment to this Package employee if the group presented the gifts for him and his family. The other reason is the Package employee would have felt like he owed those who donated items something and would have created a ruder for him. All these factors are part of his culture and who he is and I think it would be wrong for anyone to invade those characteristics. Cultures can differ in several ways that affect communication such as; stability: conditions which may be stable or may be changing either slowly or rapidly; cultures vary in the accessibility of information which can make things more complex; composition: because some cultures are made up of many diverse subcultures and generally the fewer subcultures in ones background, the easier communication is because of the fewer attention differences to consider; Acceptance: cultures carry in his or her attitudes toward outsiders, some can be openly hostile, some have a detached aloofness, and others are very friendly and cooperative with strangers. If one can work to bridge the Deterrence antelope above en or seen can Is taking ten relent approach to canceling intercultural communication. It might be easier said then done but I found the following 10 Commandments to follow when trying to bridge intercultural communication: 1) Be aware of differing social values; 2) Be aware of differing status humbly and how to demonstrate them; 3) Be aware of decision making customs: not all people like to make decisions quickly and efficiently; 4) Be aware of concepts of time: not all people like to see time as money; 5) Be aware of personal space: people from different cultures have different comfort zones; 6) Be aware of cultural context: people from certain cultures (called high-context cultures) rely less on verbal communication and more on the context of nonverbal actions and environmental settings to convey meaning. People from low-context cultures like the USA rely more n verbal communication and less on circumstances and implied meaning to convey meaning; 7) Be aware of body language: learn the basic differences in the way people supplement their words with body movement; 8) Be aware of different etiquette rules or manners: what is polite in one culture may be considered rude in another; 9) Be aware of legal and ethical behavior; 10) Be aware of language barriers: English is the most prevalent language in international business, but a easy mistake to assume that everyone understands it. If one is willing to learn as much as possible about another ultra it will enhance ones ability to communicate more effectively with many individuals. I know it can be easy to disregard the cultures of others and think because we are in the United States each person should become accustom to the way things work here. However, I have to say that approach would be selfish and the reality is we can learn so much f rom other cultures that might do one some good!

Friday, March 20, 2020

How to Become a Health Information Technician

How to Become a Health Information Technician It used to be that when you’d walk into a doctor’s office, behind the desk there’d be shelves and shelves of bulky patient files, organized alphabetically with neat color-coded tabs. The busier the office, the bigger and more packed those rows of shelves would be. As we move toward a more digital life in general, medical records are following suit- healthcare providers and hospitals are moving patient data off the shelves and into secure databases. These changes call for health information technicians who manage the transition to electronic medical records and maintain the crucial information on a daily basis. Day-to-Day of the JobHealth information technicians organize, analyze, and maintain patient health information on an ongoing basis. This includes patient background information, information about in-office procedures and tests, and treatment plans. The health information technician is responsible for updating and coding this information in different systems , often using different medical vocabularies and classification systems to make sure that the information is everywhere it needs to be accessible to doctors, nurses, other medical professionals as appropriate, and billing systems. Above all, this info needs to be accurate and secure. (If your personal motto is, â€Å"close enough,† then this career path may not be for you.)This administrative position is typically a 9-to-5 kind of job, with potential overtime in some cases (especially in hospitals or urgent care centers). Health information technicians usually work in hospitals or medical practices, healthcare agencies, and a variety of medical office settings.Job RequirementsThis job typically requires a high school degree at minimum, with an associate’s degree preferred in many cases. Many health information professionals opt for certifications such as the Registered Health Information Technician (RHIT) and Registered Health Information Administrator (RHIA), which bo th require passing a national exam. Certification requirements can depend on location, so be sure to read up on your own state’s rules.Skills You’ll NeedBeing a health information technician pulls a number of different skills together, such as strong organizational skills, technical savvy, and the ability to handle confidential data. Attention to detail is essential, as incorrect information can have major consequences for patient healthcare. A background in information technology can be helpful, as is basic knowledge of finance or medical billing. Also, medical environments are often hectic and fast-paced, so candidates should be prepared to work in a variety of conditions.Pay to ExpectPer the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median salary of health information technicians is $35,900.The OutlookHealthcare careers are undoubtedly hot right now. The BLS expects that the demand for health information technicians will grow by 15% by 2022, which is much faster th an average. As more and more medical offices make the switch to digital records, this particular area will be one of the biggest growth areas in the medical administration world.

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

A Quick Tour of Jupiters Moons

A Quick Tour of Jupiters Moons Meet the Moons of Jupiter The planet Jupiter  is the largest world in the solar system. It has at least 67 known moons and a thin dusty ring. Its four largest moons are called the Galileans, after astronomer ​Galileo Galilei, who discovered them in 1610. The individual moon names are Callisto, Europa, ​Ganymede, and Io, and come from Greek mythology. Although astronomers studied them extensively from the ground, it wasnt until the first spacecraft explorations of the Jupiter system that we knew how strange these little worlds are. The first spacecraft to image them were the Voyager probes in 1979. Since then, these four worlds  have been explored by the Galileo, Cassini and New Horizons missions, which provided extremely good views of these little moons. The Hubble Space Telescope has also studied and imaged Jupiter and the Galileans many times. The Juno mission to Jupiter, which arrived in summer 2016, will provide more images of these tiny worlds as it orbits around the giant planet taking images and data.   Explore the Galileans Io is the closest moon to Jupiter and, at 2,263 miles across, is the second smallest of the Galilean satellites. It is often called the â€Å"Pizza Moon† because its colorful surface looks like a pizza pie. Planetary scientists found out it was a volcanic world in 1979  when the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft flew by and captured the first up-close images. Io has more than 400 volcanoes that spew out sulfur and sulfur dioxide across the surface, to  give it that colorful look. Because these volcanoes are constantly repaving Io, planetary scientists say that its surface is  geologically young.   Europa is the smallest of the Galilean moons. It measures only 1,972 miles across  and is made mostly of rock. Europa’s surface is a thick layer of ice, and underneath it,  there may be a salty ocean of water about  60 miles deep. Occasionally Europa  sends plumes of water out  into fountains that tower more than 100 miles above the surface. Those plumes have been seen in data sent back by Hubble Space Telescope.  Europa is often mentioned as a place that could be habitable for some forms of life. It has an energy source, as well as organic material that could aid in the formation of life, plus plenty of water. Whether it is or not remains an open question. Astronomers have long talked about sending missions to Europa to search for evidence of life. Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system, measuring 3,273 miles across. It’s made mostly of rock and has a layer of salt water more than 120 miles below the cratered and crusty surface. Ganymede’s landscape is divided between two types of landforms: very old cratered regions which are dark-colored, and younger areas containing grooves and ridges. Planetary scientists found a very thin atmosphere on Ganymede, and it’s the only moon known so far that has its own magnetic field. Callisto is the third-largest moon in the solar system and, at 2,995 miles in diameter, is nearly the same size as the planet Mercury (which is just over 3,031 miles across). It’s the most distant of the four Galilean moons. Callisto’s surface tells us that it was bombarded throughout its history. Its 60-mile thick surface is covered with craters. That suggests the icy crust is very old and hasn’t been resurfaced through ice volcanism. There may be a subsurface water ocean on Callisto, but conditions for life to arise there are less favorable than for neighboring Europa.   Finding Jupiters Moons From Your Back Yard Whenever Jupiter is visible in the nighttime sky, try to find the Galilean moons. Jupiter itself is quite bright, and its moons will look like tiny dots on either side of it. Under good dark skies, they can be seen through a pair of binoculars.  A good backyard-type telescope  will give a better view, and for the avid stargazer, a larger telescope will show the moons AND features in Jupiter’s colorful clouds.

Sunday, February 16, 2020

Electrical and electroinc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Electrical and electroinc - Essay Example It provides high gain in signal process. Despite this, positive feedback is prone to oscillations, poor frequency response, prone to more distortion and prone to more drift. This is where the feedback signal is 1800 out of phase with the input signal. In this scenario, the feedback is in such a way that it opposes the input signal. In negative feedback circuit, the feedback signal is connected in such a way that it is out of phase with the input signal. As a result, the feedback signal subtracts from the input resulting in lower amplitude output signal as compared to what could have been in the absence of the amplifier. 1. Gain stability. This is because the general gain of feedback amplifier is independent of internal gain and only is dependent on the feedback ratio. Also, the feedback ratio solely depends on passive elements which include resistors and amplifiers. Oscillation occurs when the feedback system is unable to find a stable steady state since the transfer function can’t be satisfied considering this scenario, the system becomes unstable when 1+AÃŽ ² = 0. Crystal oscillators are advantageous over other type of oscillators. This is because in case excitement, they oscillate at precise frequency because of the mechanical make associated with it. When compare to an electronic oscillator, its frequency can be made to shift with

Sunday, February 2, 2020

The Two( Gloria Naylor) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Two( Gloria Naylor) - Essay Example Such perceptions of relationships between women may harm the traditional gender role of a woman in a society or it may harm the status of relationship between the women. The story revolves around the main characters of Lorraine and Theresa, who just moved in Brewster Place. Soon, the other people in the community discover their intimate relationship with each other which results in mass violence. Their relationship turns a new dimension when Lorraine is brutally raped by the some men from the community. Under this sudden trauma, she kills Ben, who protected the two women from the other men. Sophie plays a key role in igniting the flame of violence and spreading the rumors about the two women in the community. The entire story revolves around the intolerance developed by the society against these women and particularly about the sensitive subject of homosexuality. Some cultures take it as normal but it is not the case in American society. Homosexuality is considered as a Taboo in major parts of America. The chapter clearly represents the mental approach of people and their hostile attitude towards the women which nullifies the concept of freedom in a

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Religion and International Relations

Religion and International Relations Introduction Religion (noun): the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. In modern times, religion isn’t just the belief and worship of a supernatural entity. It is a way of life. Since birth, children are indoctrinated into their parent’s religion. Traditions, practices and values, both positive and negative are taught till they become common fact. Religion permeates into the lives of people completely and seamlessly. Given its pervasive nature, it is unsurprising that religion affects relations between people and on a larger scale relationships between nations. This project analyses the effects of religion on the international scale. Through case studies, it will highlight the advantageous as well as detrimental role of religion in maintaining peace between countries. The article will not focus on the various conflicts/ peace processes themselves, instead, it will detail the religious background, the issues and proposed solutions. Case Study 1: Jerusalem and the Israel – Palestine Conflict Background to the Conflict: Jerusalem and other holy sites of the Middle – East are holy to the three major Abrahamic religions namely – Christianity, Judaism and Islam. Historically speaking, there have been multiple conflicts over the ownership of these locations. The most famous being The Holy Crusades. In modern times, this has continued into the Israel – Palestine conflict. The roots of the conflict lie in the late 19th and early 20th century. This period saw the rise of nationalist movements amongst Jews and also amongst Arabs. Both movements wished for a sovereign state for their people, in the region. It was also a time of large scale Jewish immigration into the region. Jews were escaping the chaos caused by the Russian Revolution and later the Holocaust during WW2. In 1920,Haj Amin al-Hussein emerged as the leader for the Palestinian Arab Nationalist Movement. The man saw the Jewish Nationalist Movement and Jewish immigration as the primary enemies to his goal. This led to large scale riots and violence between the two sides. Sporadic bursts of violence continued till the start of WW2. Post WW2 tensions arose due to the large scale immigration of Holocaust survivors. This was fuelled by the stories that were coming out the Holocaust. The support resulted in Jews attacking on the Arabs as well as the British Administration. In 1947, the British Mandate approached the United Nations to provide a solution to the problems in Palestine. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine proposed a division of territory on the basis of religion. The area was to be divided into three parts. An independent Arab state and an Independent Jewish state while Jerusalem and Bethlehem remained under UN control. Jews were dissatisfied by the loss of Jerusalem but accepted the decision. However it was vehemently opposed by the Arabs. This led to eruption of a Civil War in the region. Jews in the region were conscripted into an army. With British aid, they annexed territories to form modern day Israel. The Conflict: In 1948, The Israeli Declaration of Independence was signed officially declaring the State of Israel as an independent nation. Since then the region has been under multiple wars and conflicts. The Arab nations surrounding Israel universally opposed its existence. They trained armies and rebels to conquer the nation. In 1967 during The Six Day War, Israel occupied areas of Palestine beyond its borders. Including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Israelis have since started settling in the region. Despite multiple attempts at peace the standing issues of the conflict could not be resolved. From 2005 onwards the Hamas organisation gained prominence in Palestine. The fighting in recent years occurred due to rocket attacks coming from both side of the Gaza strip. The Standing Issues: Jerusalem Jerusalem is the most major issue. Both sides claim ownership of the city. As stated previously Jerusalem is of great significance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam being an important and holy city for all of them. For Judaism in particular Jerusalem is the holiest city in the world. It is the former location of the Jewish temples on theTemple Mountand was the capital of the ancient Israelite kingdom. It also contains the Jewish holy site, The Western Wall and the Mount of Olives. Hence the Israelis are unwilling to part with the city. For Islam, Jerusalem is the site ofMohammads Night Journeyto heaven, and theal-Aqsa mosque. For Christians, Jerusalem is the location ofthe Crucifixion of Christand theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre. Presently, Israel considers the complete Jerusalem as part of its sovereign region. Jerusalem also is its capital. No other nation in the world accepts this Holy sites Both sides have concern over the treatment of their holy sites under the other’s control. Historically these concerns are founded, as both sides have banned worshippers while they were in control of the region. The treatment and possible vandalism of the sites under opposing rule is a concern as well. Proposed Solutions: The most globally accepted solution is a Two State one. Since the conflict is religious in nature, it proposes splitting the region based on religion. With Palestine being comprised of the West Bank and Gaza Strip while Israel consists of the rest of the region. This would ensure that demographically Israel will have a Jewish majority with a significant Arab minority. While Palestine will have an Arab majority with a small Jewish minority. Jerusalem would serve as the capital of both nations. With the Arab part under the control of Palestine and the Jewish part under the control of Israel. Israel has expressed concerns regarding safety to this plan. As the region has been under multiple terrorist attacks, it believes that having a border so close to Palestine would increase the risk to its citizens. Case Study 2: Islamic Terrorism Islamic terrorism comprises of terrorist acts done by people in the name of Islam Ideology: The term Jihad features a prominent role in militant Islam. Jihad literally translates to â€Å"struggle† or â€Å"resistance†. Based on context and writing. This can have multiple interpretations. Peaceful interpretations include â€Å"struggling to follow the way of God†. However Jihad also has a military sense, it calls for the defence and expansion of the Islamic state. Defensive Jihad is considered an obligation of utmost importance for all Muslims, while expansionist Jihad is optional. The ideology of Islamic terrorists insists that they are initiating a defensive Jihad against the West. Terrorists believe that the Western society and its policies are actively anti – Islamic. As such they insist that their actions are in defence of their religion. The terrorists point out what they believe is a continuing war between Christianity and Islam. A war that started from the Crusades. By framing the fight as defensive, they appear to be a victim rather than an aggressor, and give struggle the very highest religious priority for all good Muslims. Many of the violent terrorist groups use jihad to fight against Western nations and Israel. Most militant Islamists oppose Israel’s existence. Another major aspect of terrorist ideology is the belief that Muslims have deviated from true Islam and must return to â€Å"pure Islam† as originally practiced during the time ofMuhammad. â€Å"Pure Islam† can only be reached by applying a literal and strict interpretation of theQuran and Muhammad’s commands. The original sources should be interpreted individually and Muslims simply should not follow the interpretations of Islamic scholars. Interpretation of the Quran from a historical, contextual perspective is corruption. In addition militants, scholars, and leaders oppose Western society for what they see as immoralsecularism. Terrorists claim that free speech has led to the proliferation ofpornography,immorality,secularism,homosexuality,feminism etc. ideas and concepts that they oppose. Conflicts: Due to their ideology, Islamic Terrorism has been in multiple conflicts throughout the world. In addition to this, Islam has had traditional rivalries with many religions. Including Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism etc. further increasing the issue. Some of the various conflict zones are: Country Main religious groups involved Type of conflict Afghanistan Extreme, radical Fundamentalist Muslim terrorist groups non-Muslims The traditional base of the Taliban and Al Qaeda. It was liberated by a joint military effort. However the Taliban is rising again and fighting continues. Iraq Kurds, Shiite Muslims, Sunni Muslims, western armed forces By mid-2006, a small scale civil war, primarily between Shiite and Sunni Muslims started. Presently, the country is in another civil war against the ISIL Kashmir Hindus Muslims Kashmir has been a contested region since the formation of India and Pakistan. Kurdistan Christians, Muslims Periodic assaults on Christians occur Middle East Jews, Muslims, Christians Israel has always been a target of religious conflict. Thus Middle East remains as a volatile zone Pakistan Sunni Shi’ite Muslims Mutual attacks, and periodic strikes by Taliban. Somalia Wahhabi and Sufi Muslims Sufi Muslims moderate version of Islam are fighting followers of the Wahhabi tradition of Islam. Thailand Buddhists Muslims Muslim rebels have been attacking southern Thailand. Solutions: As such there is no uniform solution for Islamic terrorism. The locations and grievances of each conflict are extremely varied and cannot be uniformly addressed. The terrorists also enjoy support due to the economic and social conditions of these regions. However generic solutions to address parts of this issue exist such as: Establishment of humanitarian centres to help people socially. Mobilisation of religious leaders to publicly oppose these actions and remove the militant support base. Case Study 3: The Tibet – China Conflict Background: The Tibet – China conflict is a historical and geopolitical debate. Both sides claim sovereignty of the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetans insist that they have largely been a historically independent nation, and believe the Chinese occupation to be illegal. While the Chinese claim that Tibet was a part of Chinese administration until it was annexed by the British Raj to act as a buffer between India and China and after the Raj withdrew, the Chinese were able to regain their territory in 1951. The conflict also has an ethnic and religious side. The ethnic aspect comes from the fact that the Tibetans of the Tibetan Plateau are a minority to the Han Chinese majority of China, Secondly most Tibetans are Buddhists, while religion is banned in Communist nations like China. The Chinese government has a history of persecuting religions, especially those that have widespread popularity like Buddhism has in China. Widespread persecution and the exile of the Dalai Lama have only fuelled the clash. Present Day Scenario: Tibet did not participate in international organisations like League of Nations in the early 20th Century. As such it is unable to provide sufficient evidence for its sovereignty and independence. China maintains an extremely strict stance and prevents outside intervention. However there have been known cases of genocide against Tibetans and Buddhists in particular. Also development and growth in the region seems to affect and benefit only the Han Chinese immigrants. Solutions: The most accepted solution seems to be to provide Tibet with more autonomy and freedom while keeping it under Chinese rule. This would ensure an end to religious persecution while also allowing more inclusive development in the region. Scholars also agree that the Dalai Lama must be allowed to return from exile and be an active part of the peace process. The Dalai Lama has a great influence in the Tibetan region and would be able to reassure and appease hardliners. Case Study 4: Role of Christianity in Nazism and the Holocaust During his rise to power, Hitler realised the political significance of Christianity and Christian Churches. To this effect, the Nazi party started the promotion of â€Å"Positive Christianity†. Positive Christianity differed from Christianity in many ways. Modern day historians agree that despite his claims, Hitler was anti – Christianity. He used â€Å"Positive Christianity† to justify his actions and his power. Throughout his rule, Hitler called the Nazi cause as Christian. At the same time, he utilised the historical rivalry and hatred between Christians and Jews. To justify this, â€Å"Positive Christianity† openly rejected any Jewish involvement in the Holy Bible. It: Rejected the Jewish-written parts of the Bible(including the entire Old Testament) Claimed Christ was Aryan and not Jewish Opposed the existence of the Catholic Church Promoted national unity, and wanted to put all Protestant Churches under a single national Positive Christian Church It emphasised Christ as a â€Å"positive† preacher and warrior against institutionalized Judaism Hitler also used Christianity in his justification for the Holocaust. Claiming he is continuing Christ’s work by eliminating other races. Religion as a Peacemaker Historically, religion has been a cause of conflict. However religion can also be the cause of peace. Most religions in the world advocate peace. The use of violence is advised only as a last course in defence. Even the concept of Jihad in Islam is used mainly for defending the Islamist nation. Religion can be used to eliminate the very cause of conflict itself, as opposed to merely stopping the fighting while the issues remain unaddressed. This is especially true under the following conditions. religion is a significant contributor to the conflict religious leaders on both sides wish for peace Religious leaders are of particular importance in this approach as they are trusted and respected by their communities. This enables them to: A leverage against those opposing peace Generate local, national and international support for peace Ensure promises are kept at a local level Emphasise on the maintenance of morality and humanity in peace Conflicts can be addressed by: Interfaith dialogue and interaction to address issues Proposing a solution that can address the religious and ethnic needs of both sides as a compliment to diplomatic negotiations e.g. solutions proposed for the Israel – Palestine conflict Establishment of religious peacekeeping centres in strife torn regions like Iraq etc. By this method it is possible to mobilise religion into a peaceful force that can end wars that are not only religious in nature but of other origins as well. References Beginners Guide to the Israeli Palestinian Conflict (a video available on YouTube) A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflictby Jeremy Pressman BBC News reports on the Israel Palestinian Conflict ReligiousTolerance.org Conflict Over Tibet: Core Causes and Possible Solutions By Dustin Stokes â€Å"Religion and the Holocaust† by Richard E Smith â€Å"The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity† by Richard Steigmann-Gall Religious Contributions to Peacemaking: When Religion Brings Peace, Not War

Friday, January 17, 2020

Approaches to Decision Making Essay

There are two common ways to make decisions regarding changes in an organization, especially when others are involved in the end result. The two ways would be to make decisions individually, making the decision by yourself or by creating a committee, getting others involved in the process. Knowing that something needs to change, means that there has been a problem identified, evaluating alternatives and then selecting the solution. Depending on the problem and the criteria that will be evaluated in making the final decision, this will play an important factor on whether individually making the decision is better than a group decision. When making decisions and changes that are going to effect many, it typically is better to make group decisions. For larger companies, it is typical that a committee or a team would be created. Bringing together individuals of the organization that would be effected by these changes. Having a committee involved in the decision brings more views, thoughts, past experiences and suggestions to the table to be evaluated for optimal solutions. Advantages of a group decision is there are more options contributed, the better chances that decisions made would be accepted by those involved in the decision as well. â€Å"Quantities and diversity of information are greatest when group members represent different specialities†. (Robbins, DeCenzo, & Coulter, 2011, p. 71). Finding a suitable solution is half of the battle, the next half would be implementation. By having a group decision enforced, will increase the success of changes since they were a part of it and will encourage change. In the example provided about budgetary concerns, it would be suggested that a committee be created with upper management from finance, human resources, and department managers to discuss how overhead such as employees, supplies and other capital costs are effecting our business. Before having the initial meeting it would be suggested for each manager to evaluate their department and be ready to give suggestion of where they would be able to make individual changes without sacrificing the well being of the patients care. Once all contributions are made from each department, hearing the options of solutions would allow the committee members to discuss the  changes and place value on which options could be most beneficial. Options like reducing employee head count or hours, re-evaluating vendors where supplies are purchased from, eliminating overtime costs by having back up staff available or changing processes by reducing paper trails and going electronic. Each of these will need to be analyzed on immediate consequences or benefits and what the longer term effects will be. The disadvantage of working with a committee is that there will prolong the process of making a decision, more meetings, more time and there could be more resistant from individuals that will need to be â€Å"talked into† this decision. In the example about making budget cuts, one could make the decision alone and not consult with any other departments. The individual making decisions to cut staff, supplies or capital costs would need to have a comprehensive understanding of all costs associated with the organization and what implications could be by reducing budgets. Even though it is just one person making the decision, it is very important to still do a thorough evaluation of what the problems are, evaluate multiple solutions and weigh the benefits or consequences of these changes. It would be very important to obtaining financial monthly statements/costs that are associated with each department. The benefit of making decisions solely is that multiple meetings would be eliminated, do not need to â€Å"sell† your idea or solution to others, and a decision could be made quicker which will save time and money for the organization. The disadvantages of making a decision like this where it effects a group, out weigh the benefits. You do not have access to others input and past experiences who have dealt with similar situations or hearing what concerns your management will have. By not including others, you have a higher chance of the decision not being welcomed by all and having resistant to the change and implementation. References: Robbins, S., DeCenzo, D., & Coulter, M. (2011). Fundamentals of Management: Essential Concepts and Applications (7th ed.).

Thursday, January 9, 2020

The Theory And Theory Of Psychology - 1811 Words

Overview The practice of psychotherapy involves several approaches and different psychologists’ often use different psychological theories to achieve their goals in treatment and interventions. However, the combination of these psychological theories is important for the improvement of psychoanalysis of patients and the treatment approaches used. This paper will, therefore, analyze three psychological theories which include; attachment theory, control mastery theory and the object relations theory. Additionally, the analysis will involve the combination of these three theories to produce and integrated approach suitable for psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. The development of the paper will involve stating the individual theories and their theorists, an explanation of each theory and a combination of the three theories to improve the practice of psychology. Attachment theory Attachment involves the enduring emotions and deep bonds that an individual expresses to another person based on time and space. The attachment theory in psychology was developed by a British psychologist known as John Bowlby through his attempts to bring an understanding of the distress that children face due to separation from their parents. The theory was developed by John Bowlby in 1958 following the professional time he had in the treatment of emotionally disturbed children in the Child Guidance Clinic in London. The theory posits that the observed characteristics in children such asShow MoreRelatedPsychology Theories And Theories Of Psychology984 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and beliefs about where psychopathology originates from, that is the beauty of psychology. We can have different views that match or mismatch-specific clients and the services they are seeking, but each approach is beneficial one way or the other. To me, psychopathology originates from our thoughts. The causes of human suffering are problematic thoughts or beliefs. Our thoughts play such an important role in our behaviors and actions. If we have a problematic thought, thisRead MoreThe Theories Of The Theory Of Psychology1493 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology develop from its prescientific roots in early understands of both mind and body to the present beginning of modern science by the numerous contributions of many philosophers. These ideas that are recorded could be traced back to Asia and Europe, where the religions and ideas of Buddha and Confucius is originated. Ancient Hebrews, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the philosophers that became very intrigued with how the mind and body works and debated several reasons that may be the answerRead MorePsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. 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Both have expanded the growth of psychology as a science, but withRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1599 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology first started in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt who founded the first laboratory which specialized in psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Wundt used controlled experiments to investigate the mind by using a method called introspection which examined an individual’s mental state to gain an understanding of how our mind works. This approach became known as Structuralism, deals with the study of th e conscious mind, with the idea that the conscious mind can be broken down into basicRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1819 Words   |  8 PagesHistorically psychology has tried to establish a unified approach using structuralism. Structuralism explores the structure of the human mind by analysing consciousness into component parts. Psychologists later excluded structuralism in exchange towards functionalism (Magnavita, 2005). Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and the mind. While behaviour can be directly observed for example through actions and responses, the mind cannot directly be seen for example thoughts. Psychology trustsRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology3461 Words   |  14 Pagesopen fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.† — Charl es Darwin While psychology of today follows the discipline’s rich and varied history, the origins of psychology show incomparable differences from the modern understanding of the field. From the beginning, psychology has been tested and bombarded with a tremendous

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Why Did China Lease Hong Kong to Britain

In 1997, the British handed Hong Kong back to China, the end of a 99-year-long lease and an event that was dreaded and anticipated by the residents, the Chinese, the English, and the rest of the world. Hong Kong includes 426 square miles of territory in the South China Sea, and it is today one of the most densely occupied and economically independent parts of the world. That lease came about as a result of wars over trade imbalances, opium, and the shifting power of Queen Victorias British empire.   Key Takeaways On June 9, 1898, the British under Queen Victoria brokered a 99-year lease agreement for the use of Hong Kong after China lost a series of wars fought over the British trade in tea and opium.In 1984, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang negotiated the underlying plan for the lease to end, such that Hong Kong would remain a semi-autonomous region for a 50-year period after the lease ended.The lease ended on July 1, 1997, and since then tensions between the democratically-minded Hong Kong population and the PRC have continued, although Hong Kong remains functionally separate from the Chinese mainland. Hong Kong was first incorporated into China in 243 BCE, during the Warring States period and as the Qin state was beginning to grow in power. It remained almost constantly under Chinese control for the next 2,000 years. It was in 1842 under British Queen Victorias expansionist rule that Hong Kong became known as British Hong Kong. Trade Imbalances: Opium, Silver, and Tea Nineteenth-century Britain had an insatiable appetite for Chinese tea, but the Qing Dynasty and its subjects did not want to buy anything that the British produced and demanded that the British instead pay for its tea habit with silver or gold. The government of Queen Victoria did not want to use up any more of the countrys reserves of gold or silver to buy tea, and the tea importation tax generated during the transactions was a major percentage of the British economy. Victorias government decided to forcibly export opium from the British-colonized Indian subcontinent to China. There, opium would then be exchanged for tea. Chinas government, not too surprisingly, objected to the large-scale importation of narcotics into their country by a foreign power. At the time, most of Britain didnt view opium as a particular danger; to them, it was a medicine. China, however, was experiencing an opium crisis, with its military forces suffering direct impacts from their addictions. There were politicians in England such as William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) who did recognize the danger and objected strenuously; but at the same time, there were men who made their fortunes, such as the prominent U.S. opium trader Warren Delano (1809–1898), the grandfather of future president Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882–1945). Opium Wars When the Qing government discovered that banning opium imports outright did not work—because British merchants simply smuggled the drug into China—they took more direct action. In 1839, Chinese officials destroyed 20,000 bales of opium. This move provoked Britain to declare war in order to protect its illegal drug-smuggling operations. The First Opium War lasted from 1839 to 1842. Britain invaded the Chinese mainland  and occupied the island of Hong Kong on Jan. 25, 1841, using it as a military staging point.  China lost the war and had to cede Hong Kong to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking. As a result, Hong Kong became a crown colony of the British Empire. Leasing Hong Kong The Treaty of Nanking did not, however, resolve the opium trade dispute, and the conflict escalated again, into the Second Opium War. The settlement of that conflict was the first Convention of Peking, ratified on Oct. 18, 1860, when Britain acquired the southern part of the Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island (Ngong Shuen Chau). The British grew increasingly worried about the security of their free port at British Hong Kong during the second half of the 19th century. It was an isolated island, surrounded by areas still under Chinese control. On June 9, 1898, the British signed a deal with the Chinese to lease Hong Kong, Kowloon, and the New Territories—the remainder of Kowloon Peninsula north of Boundary Street, more territory beyond Kowloon into the Sham Chun River, and over 200 outlying islands. Hong Kongs British governors pressed for outright ownership, but the Chinese, while weakened by the first Sino-Japanese War, negotiated a more reasonable cession to finally end the war. That legally binding lease was to last 99 years. To Lease or Not to Lease Several times in the first half of the 20th century, Britain considered relinquishing the lease back to China because the island simply wasnt terribly important to England anymore. But in 1941 Japan seized Hong Kong. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt tried to pressure British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874–1965) to return the island to China as a concession for their support in the war, but Churchill refused. At the end of World War II, the British still controlled Hong Kong, although the Americans continued to pressure them to return it to China. By 1949, the Peoples Liberation Army led by Mao Zedong (1893–1976) had taken over China, and the West was now afraid that Communists would get their hands on a suddenly invaluable post for espionage, especially during the Korean War. While the Gang of Four did consider sending troops to Hong Kong in 1967, they ultimately did not sue for the return of Hong Kong. Moving Toward the Handover On Dec. 19, 1984, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013) and Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang (1919–2005) signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which Britain agreed to return not only the New Territories but also Kowloon and British Hong Kong itself when the lease term expired. Under the declarations terms, Hong Kong would become a special administrative region (SAR) under the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), and it was expected to enjoy a high degree of autonomy outside of foreign and defense affairs. For a period of 50 years after the end of the lease, Hong Kong would remain a free port with a separate customs territory and sustain markets for free exchange. Hong Kong citizens could continue to practice capitalism and political freedoms forbidden on the mainland. After the agreement, Britain began to implement a broader level of democracy in Hong Kong. The first democratic government in Hong Kong was formed in the late 1980s, consisting of functional constituencies and direct elections. The stability of those changes became doubtful after the Tiananmen Square incident (Beijing, China, June 3–4, 1989) when an undetermined number of protesting students were massacred. Half a million people in Hong Kong went on marches to protest. While the Peoples Republic of China rejected the democratization of Hong Kong, the region had become enormously lucrative. Hong Kong only became a major metropolis after the British possession, and during the 150 years of the occupation, the city had grown and thrived. Today it is considered one of the most significant financial centers and trade ports in the world. Handover On July 1, 1997, the lease ended and the government of Great Britain transferred control of British Hong Kong and the surrounding territories to the Peoples Republic of China. The transition has been more or less smooth, although human rights issues and Beijings desire for greater political control cause considerable friction from time to time. Events since 2004—particularly in the summer of 2019—have shown that universal suffrage continues to be a rallying point for Hongkongers, while the PRC is clearly reluctant to allow Hong Kong to achieve full political freedom. Sources Cheng, Joseph Y.S. The Future of Hong Kong: A Hong Kong Belongers View. International Affairs 58.3 (1982): 476–88. Print.Fung, Anthony Y.H., and Chi Kit Chan. Post-Handover Identity: Contested Cultural Bonding Between China and Hong Kong. Chinese Journal of Communication 10.4 (2017): 395–412. Print.Li, Kui-Wai. Chapter 18—Hong Kong 1997–2047: The Political Scene. Redefining Capitalism in Global Economic Development. Academic Press, 2017. 391–406. Print.Maxwell, Neville. Sino-British Confrontation over Hong Kong. Economic and Political Weekly 30.23 (1995): 1384–98. Print.Meyer, Karl E. The Opium Wars Secret History. The New York Times,  June 28, 1997. Print.Tsang, Steve. A Modern History of Hong Kong. London: I.B. Tauris Co. Ltd, 2007. Print.Yahuda, Michael. Hong Kongs Future: Sino-British Negotiations, Perceptions, Organization and Political Culture. International Affairs 69.2 (1993): 245–66. Print.Yip, Anastasia. Hong Kong and Chin a: One Country, Two Systems, Two Identities. Global Societies Journal 3 (2015). Print.